Đề thi VSTEP Reading C1 — Đạo đức của xét nghiệm gen dự đoán (Round 3)

Predictive genetic testing — the analysis of DNA to forecast an individual's likelihood of developing conditions such as Alzheimer's or certain cancers — has moved from research laboratories into commercial clinics. Direct-to-consumer kits now promise insights into disease risk for a few hundred dollars, provoking intense ethical debate among bioethicists. Proponents argue that knowledge is empowering. A person who learns of an elevated risk for colorectal cancer may pursue earlier screening or make informed decisions about family planning. In some cases, this foreknowledge has demonstrably saved lives through timely medical intervention. Critics, however, raise substantial concerns. Genetic data cannot be "reset" if compromised: a person's genome is uniquely identifying and reveals information about biological relatives. Insurers and employers may gain access to such data, potentially resulting in discrimination. The psychological burden of knowing one's probable fate — particularly for incurable conditions — can be profound, sometimes precipitating anxiety or harmful lifestyle changes. The European Union's Genetic Data Regulation, enacted in 2024, restricts commercial use of predictive tests without medical referral. Whether such measures can keep pace with rapid technological change remains an open question.