Câu gián tiếp (Reported Speech) là gì?
Câu gián tiếp là cách thuật lại lời nói của người khác mà không trích dẫn nguyên văn. Khi chuyển từ câu trực tiếp sang gián tiếp, ta cần thay đổi đại từ, thì của động từ, và trạng từ chỉ thời gian/nơi chốn.
Trong đề thi VSTEP, Reported Speech xuất hiện thường xuyên ở phần Use of English (chuyển câu trực tiếp sang gián tiếp) và Reading (hiểu đúng ai nói gì). Đây là chủ đề hay ra thi nhất.
1. Reported Statements (Câu trần thuật gián tiếp)
a) Công thức
S + said (that) + S + V (lùi thì)
b) Bảng lùi thì
| Câu trực tiếp | Câu gián tiếp |
|---|---|
| Present simple: "I work here." | Past simple: She said she worked there. |
| Present continuous: "I am working." | Past continuous: She said she was working. |
| Present perfect: "I have finished." | Past perfect: She said she had finished. |
| Past simple: "I worked yesterday." | Past perfect: She said she had worked... |
| Will: "I will come." | Would: She said she would come. |
| Can: "I can swim." | Could: She said she could swim. |
| May: "I may go." | Might: She said she might go. |
| Must: "I must leave." | Had to: She said she had to leave. |
Không lùi thì khi: sự thật chung, lời nói vẫn đúng, hoặc động từ tường thuật ở hiện tại (says, tells).
c) Ví dụ chi tiết
| Trực tiếp | Gián tiếp |
|---|---|
| "I love this city," she said. | She said (that) she loved that city. |
| "We are studying," they said. | They said (that) they were studying. |
| "I will help you," he said. | He said (that) he would help me. |
| "I bought a new phone," she said. | She said (that) she had bought a new phone. |
2. Reported Questions (Câu hỏi gián tiếp)
a) Câu hỏi Yes/No
S + asked + if/whether + S + V (lùi thì)
| Trực tiếp | Gián tiếp |
|---|---|
| "Do you like coffee?" he asked. | He asked me if/whether I liked coffee. |
| "Are you coming?" she asked. | She asked me if/whether I was coming. |
| "Have you finished?" he asked. | He asked me if/whether I had finished. |
b) Câu hỏi WH-
S + asked + WH-word + S + V (lùi thì)
Lưu ý quan trọng: Câu hỏi gián tiếp dùng trật tự câu khẳng định (S + V), KHÔNG đảo ngữ.
| Trực tiếp | Gián tiếp |
|---|---|
| "Where do you live?" she asked. | She asked me where I lived. |
| "What are you doing?" he asked. | He asked me what I was doing. |
| "When will you come?" she asked. | She asked me when I would come. |
3. Reported Imperatives (Câu mệnh lệnh gián tiếp)
Công thức
- Khẳng định: S + told/asked + O + to V
- Phủ định: S + told/asked + O + not to V
| Trực tiếp | Gián tiếp |
|---|---|
| "Open the door," she said to me. | She told me to open the door. |
| "Don't be late," the teacher said. | The teacher told us not to be late. |
| "Please sit down," she said. | She asked me to sit down. |
4. Đổi trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn
| Trực tiếp | Gián tiếp |
|---|---|
| today | that day |
| tonight | that night |
| yesterday | the day before / the previous day |
| tomorrow | the next day / the following day |
| last week | the week before / the previous week |
| next week | the following week |
| ago | before / earlier |
| now | then / at that time |
| here | there |
| this | that |
| these | those |
5. Phân biệt Said và Told
- said: không cần tân ngữ. She said (that) she was tired.
- told: bắt buộc có tân ngữ. She told me (that) she was tired.
- Sai: She told that she was tired. (thiếu tân ngữ)
- Sai: She said me that she was tired. (said không đi với tân ngữ trực tiếp)
6. Bài tập trắc nghiệm — 20 câu
Chọn đáp án đúng nhất (A, B, C hoặc D) cho mỗi câu sau.
Câu 1. "I am tired," she said. → She said that she ______ tired.
A. is B. was C. has been D. will be
Câu 2. "Do you like music?" he asked me. → He asked me ______ I liked music.
A. that B. what C. if D. do
Câu 3. "Open the window," she told me. → She told me ______ the window.
A. open B. opened C. to open D. opening
Câu 4. "I will call you tomorrow," he said. → He said he ______ me the next day.
A. will call B. would call C. calls D. called
Câu 5. "Where do you live?" she asked. → She asked me where I ______.
A. live B. lived C. do live D. will live
Câu 6. "I have finished my homework," he said. → He said he ______ his homework.
A. has finished B. had finished C. finished D. finishes
Câu 7. "Don't touch that!" she said to the children. → She told the children ______ that.
A. not touch B. don't touch C. not to touch D. to not touch
Câu 8. "We are going to the beach," they said. → They said they ______ to the beach.
A. are going B. were going C. will go D. go
Câu 9. "Can you help me?" she asked. → She asked me ______ I could help her.
A. that B. what C. whether D. how
Câu 10. She said, "I bought this dress yesterday." → She said she ______ that dress the day before.
A. bought B. had bought C. has bought D. buys
Câu 11. "What time does the train leave?" he asked. → He asked what time the train ______.
A. leaves B. left C. does leave D. will leave
Câu 12. He ______ me that he was busy.
A. said B. told C. said to D. tells
Câu 13. "I must go now," she said. → She said she ______ go then.
A. must B. had to C. has to D. would
Câu 14. "Why are you crying?" he asked the girl. → He asked the girl why she ______.
A. is crying B. was crying C. cries D. cried
Câu 15. "Please wait here," the receptionist said to us. → The receptionist asked us ______ there.
A. wait B. waited C. to wait D. waiting
Câu 16. "I saw her last week," Tom said. → Tom said he ______ her the week before.
A. saw B. had seen C. has seen D. sees
Câu 17. "Are you coming to the party tonight?" she asked. → She asked if I ______ to the party that night.
A. am coming B. was coming C. come D. will come
Câu 18. He said, "The Earth revolves around the Sun." → He said the Earth ______ around the Sun.
A. revolved B. revolves C. had revolved D. will revolve
Câu 19. "Don't make noise," the librarian said. → The librarian told us ______ noise.
A. not make B. don't make C. not to make D. not making
Câu 20. "How long have you been waiting?" she asked. → She asked me how long I ______.
A. have been waiting B. had been waiting C. am waiting D. was waiting
7. Đáp án và giải thích
| Câu | Đáp án | Giải thích |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | B. was | Lùi thì: am → was. "I am tired" → "she was tired". |
| 2 | C. if | Câu hỏi Yes/No → dùng if/whether. Trật tự: S + V (không đảo). |
| 3 | C. to open | Câu mệnh lệnh → told + O + to V. |
| 4 | B. would call | Lùi thì: will → would. "tomorrow" → "the next day". |
| 5 | B. lived | Lùi thì: live → lived. Câu hỏi WH → where + S + V (không đảo). |
| 6 | B. had finished | Lùi thì: have finished → had finished. |
| 7 | C. not to touch | Câu mệnh lệnh phủ định → told + O + not to V. |
| 8 | B. were going | Lùi thì: are going → were going. |
| 9 | C. whether | Câu hỏi Yes/No → dùng if/whether. "Can" → "could". |
| 10 | B. had bought | Lùi thì: bought → had bought. "yesterday" → "the day before". |
| 11 | B. left | Lùi thì: leaves → left. Trật tự: S + V (the train left). |
| 12 | B. told | "told me" = told + tân ngữ. "said" không đi với tân ngữ trực tiếp. |
| 13 | B. had to | Lùi thì: must → had to. "now" → "then". |
| 14 | B. was crying | Lùi thì: are crying → was crying. |
| 15 | C. to wait | "Please" → asked + O + to V. "here" → "there". |
| 16 | B. had seen | Lùi thì: saw → had seen. "last week" → "the week before". |
| 17 | B. was coming | Lùi thì: are coming → was coming. "tonight" → "that night". |
| 18 | B. revolves | Sự thật khoa học → KHÔNG lùi thì. Giữ nguyên hiện tại đơn. |
| 19 | C. not to make | Câu mệnh lệnh phủ định → told + O + not to V. |
| 20 | B. had been waiting | Lùi thì: have been waiting → had been waiting. |