Phân từ nâng cao — Participial Clauses
1. Phân từ hiện tại (V-ing) — Rút gọn mệnh đề chủ động
The man who is standing there → The man standing there
Because she felt tired, she went home → Feeling tired, she went home
2. Phân từ quá khứ (V-ed/V3) — Rút gọn mệnh đề bị động
The book which was written by her → The book written by her
Because he was injured in the accident → Injured in the accident, he couldn't walk
3. Phân từ hoàn thành (Having + V3) — Hành động xảy ra trước
After she had finished the report → Having finished the report, she left.
After he had been promoted → Having been promoted, he felt more confident.
4. Phân từ phủ định
Not knowing what to say, he remained silent.
Not having been invited, she didn't attend the party.
5. With + O + Phân từ (Absolute construction)
With the exam approaching, students are studying harder.
With all the doors locked, they felt safe.
With his homework done, he went out to play.
Lỗi thường gặp: Dangling participle
SAI: Walking to school, the rain started. (Mưa đi bộ?)
ĐÚNG: Walking to school, I got caught in the rain.
Quy tắc: Chủ ngữ của phân từ phải trùng với chủ ngữ của mệnh đề chính.
Bảng tổng hợp
| Dạng | Cấu trúc | Khi nào dùng |
|---|---|---|
| V-ing | Doing, Seeing, Walking | Chủ động, đồng thời |
| V-ed/V3 | Done, Written, Injured | Bị động |
| Having + V3 | Having done, Having seen | Xảy ra trước (chủ động) |
| Having been + V3 | Having been told | Xảy ra trước (bị động) |
| Not + V-ing | Not knowing | Phân từ phủ định |
| With + O + V-ing/V3 | With the door open | Cấu trúc tuyệt đối |