---
title: "Cấu trúc câu nâng cao — Relative clauses participle"
excerpt: "Hướng dẫn sử dụng cấu trúc câu nâng cao trong Writing VSTEP: mệnh đề quan hệ, phân từ, đảo ngữ, câu chẻ kèm ví dụ và 10 bài tập áp dụng."
kỹ_năng: "Viết"
chuyên_đề: "viet"
mức_độ: "B2"
đơn_vị: "32"
url: "https://tuyencongchuc.com/on-tap-vstep/vstep-viet-advanced-structures/"
canonical: "https://tuyencongchuc.com/on-tap-vstep/vstep-viet-advanced-structures/"
type: "bài-ôn-tập-vstep"
---

# Cấu trúc câu nâng cao — Relative clauses participle

**Chuyên đề:** viet
**Kỹ năng:** Viết
**Mức độ:** B2
**Đơn vị:** 32

## Cấu trúc câu nâng cao cho Writing VSTEP

Để đạt điểm **B2 trở lên**, bài viết cần có cấu trúc câu đa dạng và phức tạp. Dưới đây là 4 cấu trúc nâng cao giúp tăng điểm Grammar.

### 1. Mệnh đề quan hệ (Relative Clauses)

Mệnh đề quan hệ bổ nghĩa cho danh từ, dùng **who, which, that, whose, where, when**.

#### a) Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (Defining)

- *Candidates **who pass the written test** will be invited for an interview.*
- *The policy **that was introduced last year** has reduced unemployment.*

#### b) Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định (Non-defining)

- *Hanoi, **which is the capital of Vietnam**, has a population of over 8 million.*
- *The Minister of Education, **who spoke at the conference**, emphasized the importance of digital literacy.*

### 2. Phân từ rút gọn (Participle Clauses)

Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ hoặc mệnh đề trạng ngữ bằng V-ing (chủ động) hoặc V-ed/V3 (bị động).

| Câu đầy đủ | Câu rút gọn |
| --- | --- |
| *Students who study hard will achieve good results.* | *Students **studying hard** will achieve good results.* |
| *The report, which was published in 2024, shows...* | *The report, **published in 2024**, shows...* |
| *Because she had finished her essay, she left early.* | ***Having finished her essay**, she left early.* |
| *The bridge, which was built in 1990, needs repair.* | *The bridge, **built in 1990**, needs repair.* |

### 3. Đảo ngữ (Inversion)

Đảo ngữ tạo sự nhấn mạnh, phù hợp cho bài luận formal.

| Cấu trúc | Ví dụ |
| --- | --- |
| **Not only... but also** | *Not only does education improve individuals, but it also strengthens the economy.* |
| **Only when/if** | *Only when the government takes action will the problem be solved.* |
| **Rarely / Seldom** | *Rarely do students achieve Band C1 without consistent practice.* |
| **Under no circumstances** | *Under no circumstances should candidates copy from others.* |

### 4. Câu chẻ (Cleft Sentences)

Câu chẻ nhấn mạnh một thành phần trong câu:

- **It is/was... that...**: *It is the lack of practice **that** causes most students to fail the writing test.*
- **What... is/was...**: *What the government needs to do **is** invest more in rural education.*

### 5. Ví dụ đoạn văn kết hợp cấu trúc nâng cao

> Education, **which plays a vital role in national development**, has received significant investment in recent years. **Not only has** the government built more schools in remote areas, **but it has also** introduced scholarship programs for disadvantaged students. **Having recognized** the importance of digital literacy, many provinces have equipped classrooms with modern technology. **It is** this comprehensive approach **that** has led to a steady improvement in literacy rates across the country.

### 6. Bài tập — Viết lại câu dùng cấu trúc nâng cao

1. The students passed the exam. They studied consistently. (relative clause) **→ The students who studied consistently passed the exam.**
2. The law was passed in 2023. It aims to protect the environment. (participle) **→ The law, passed in 2023, aims to protect the environment.**
3. Education improves society. It also reduces poverty. (Not only... but also) **→ Not only does education improve society, but it also reduces poverty.**
4. He finished the report. He submitted it immediately. (Having + V3) **→ Having finished the report, he submitted it immediately.**
5. The lack of funding causes the problem. (It is... that) **→ It is the lack of funding that causes the problem.**
6. The building was constructed in 2020. It serves as a community center. (participle) **→ The building, constructed in 2020, serves as a community center.**
7. The government needs to reform the education system. (What... is) **→ What the government needs to do is reform the education system.**
8. She completed her training. She was promoted. (Having + V3) **→ Having completed her training, she was promoted.**
9. Students rarely achieve high scores. They don't practice. (Rarely) **→ Rarely do students achieve high scores without regular practice.**
10. The conference was held in Hanoi. It attracted 500 delegates. (non-defining relative clause) **→ The conference, which was held in Hanoi, attracted 500 delegates.**

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