---
title: "Cấu trúc câu phức Writing — although because while"
excerpt: "Hướng dẫn sử dụng câu phức (complex sentences) trong Writing VSTEP: liên từ phụ thuộc although, because, while, if, when kèm ví dụ và 10 bài tập viết lại câu."
kỹ_năng: "Viết"
chuyên_đề: "viet"
mức_độ: "B1-B2"
đơn_vị: "31"
url: "https://tuyencongchuc.com/on-tap-vstep/vstep-viet-complex-sentences/"
canonical: "https://tuyencongchuc.com/on-tap-vstep/vstep-viet-complex-sentences/"
type: "bài-ôn-tập-vstep"
---

# Cấu trúc câu phức Writing — although because while

**Chuyên đề:** viet
**Kỹ năng:** Viết
**Mức độ:** B1-B2
**Đơn vị:** 31

## Cấu trúc câu phức trong Writing VSTEP

Câu phức (complex sentence) là câu có **một mệnh đề chính** và **ít nhất một mệnh đề phụ**, nối bằng liên từ phụ thuộc (subordinating conjunction). Sử dụng câu phức giúp bài viết đa dạng về ngữ pháp, tăng điểm tiêu chí **Grammar**.

### 1. Các liên từ phụ thuộc thường dùng

| Nhóm | Liên từ | Chức năng |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Nguyên nhân** | because, since, as | Nêu lý do |
| **Nhượng bộ** | although, even though, though | Nêu sự tương phản |
| **Thời gian** | when, while, before, after, until | Chỉ thời điểm |
| **Điều kiện** | if, unless, provided that | Nêu điều kiện |
| **Mục đích** | so that, in order that | Nêu mục đích |

### 2. Quy tắc viết câu phức

- **Mệnh đề phụ đứng trước** → dùng dấu phẩy: *Although it rained, we continued the event.*
- **Mệnh đề phụ đứng sau** → không dùng dấu phẩy: *We continued the event although it rained.*
- Không dùng **but + although** cùng lúc (lỗi phổ biến).

### 3. Ví dụ câu phức theo từng nhóm

#### a) Nguyên nhân — because / since / as

- *Because the government has invested in education, literacy rates have improved significantly.*
- *Since many employees lack digital skills, training programs should be organized regularly.*
- *As urbanization continues to accelerate, housing prices are rising rapidly.*

#### b) Nhượng bộ — although / even though

- *Although the salary is not very high, many graduates still want to become civil servants.*
- *Even though the policy has been implemented for five years, its effectiveness remains questionable.*

#### c) Thời gian — when / while / before / after

- *When candidates apply for government positions, they must pass a written examination.*
- *While some people prefer stable jobs, others seek higher-paying opportunities in the private sector.*
- *Before submitting the essay, candidates should check for grammatical errors carefully.*

#### d) Điều kiện — if / unless / provided that

- *If the government increases public spending, the economy may recover more quickly.*
- *Unless stricter regulations are enforced, environmental pollution will continue to worsen.*

#### e) Mục đích — so that / in order that

- *The government has launched scholarship programs so that disadvantaged students can access higher education.*

### 4. Cách kết hợp câu phức trong bài viết

Một đoạn văn tốt nên kết hợp câu đơn, câu ghép và câu phức:

> Urbanization is a major trend in Vietnam. **Although** it brings economic growth, it also causes several problems. **Because** more people move to cities, the demand for housing and public services increases dramatically. **If** the government does not invest in infrastructure, overcrowding and pollution will become more serious. Therefore, a balanced approach to urban planning is essential **so that** both economic development and quality of life can be maintained.

### 5. Bài tập — Viết lại câu dùng liên từ trong ngoặc

**Viết lại các câu sau thành câu phức:**

1. The exam is difficult. Many candidates fail. (because) **→ Many candidates fail because the exam is difficult.**
2. She studied very hard. She did not pass. (although) **→ Although she studied very hard, she did not pass.**
3. He was writing the essay. The time ran out. (while) **→ While he was writing the essay, the time ran out.**
4. You practice writing every day. Your score will improve. (if) **→ If you practice writing every day, your score will improve.**
5. The policy was introduced. Living standards have improved. (since) **→ Since the policy was introduced, living standards have improved.**
6. They moved to the city. They wanted better job opportunities. (so that) **→ They moved to the city so that they could find better job opportunities.**
7. The weather was terrible. The outdoor event was successful. (even though) **→ Even though the weather was terrible, the outdoor event was successful.**
8. He checks his grammar. He submits the essay. (before) **→ Before he submits the essay, he checks his grammar.**
9. The new law takes effect. Companies must comply. (when) **→ When the new law takes effect, companies must comply.**
10. Employees receive proper training. They can perform better. (provided that) **→ Provided that employees receive proper training, they can perform better.**

### 6. Lỗi thường gặp với câu phức

| Lỗi | Câu sai | Câu đúng |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Dùng but + although | *Although it rained, but we went out.* | *Although it rained, we went out.* |
| Thiếu mệnh đề chính | *Because the traffic is heavy.* | *Because the traffic is heavy, I arrived late.* |
| Sai dấu phẩy | *We continued although, it rained.* | *We continued although it rained.* |
| Dùng so + because | *Because it rained, so we stayed home.* | *Because it rained, we stayed home.* |

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