Ellipsis & Substitution — Lược bỏ và Thay thế
1. Auxiliary Verb Ellipsis (Lược bỏ sau trợ động từ)
"Can you swim?" — "Yes, I can." (= can swim)
"Have you finished?" — "No, I haven't." (= haven't finished)
She said she would help, and she did. (= did help)
2. So + aux + S (Đồng ý khẳng định)
"I love coffee." — "So do I." (= Tôi cũng vậy)
"She has been to Paris." — "So have I."
"He will come." — "So will she."
3. Neither/Nor + aux + S (Đồng ý phủ định)
"I don't like spiders." — "Neither do I." (= Tôi cũng không)
"She hasn't finished." — "Nor have I."
4. Do so / Do it / Do that (Thay thế cụm động từ)
He promised to call, but he didn't do so. (= didn't call)
She wanted to complain but decided not to do so.
5. One / Ones (Thay thế danh từ)
"Which dress do you want?" — "The red one."
These shoes are too small. I need bigger ones.
This phone is better than the one I had before.
6. That / Those of (Thay thế danh từ + sở hữu)
The climate of Vietnam is warmer than that of England.
The results of this year are better than those of last year.
7. To-infinitive Ellipsis
"Would you like to come?" — "I'd love to." (= to come)
He doesn't want to go, but he has to. (= to go)
8. If so / If not
Are you coming? If so, bring your laptop. (= If you are coming)
If not, let me know by Friday. (= If you are not coming)
Bảng tổng hợp
| Kỹ thuật | Ví dụ | Thay thế cho |
|---|---|---|
| Aux ellipsis | "Yes, I can." | can + V |
| So/Neither + aux | "So do I." | I do too |
| Do so | didn't do so | didn't + VP |
| One/Ones | the red one | Danh từ đếm được |
| That/Those of | that of England | Danh từ + sở hữu |
| To (inf ellipsis) | "I'd love to." | to + V |
| If so/If not | "If so, come." | If + clause |