Cấu trúc câu nâng cao cho Writing VSTEP
Để đạt điểm B2 trở lên, bài viết cần có cấu trúc câu đa dạng và phức tạp. Dưới đây là 4 cấu trúc nâng cao giúp tăng điểm Grammar.
1. Mệnh đề quan hệ (Relative Clauses)
Mệnh đề quan hệ bổ nghĩa cho danh từ, dùng who, which, that, whose, where, when.
a) Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (Defining)
- Candidates who pass the written test will be invited for an interview.
- The policy that was introduced last year has reduced unemployment.
b) Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định (Non-defining)
- Hanoi, which is the capital of Vietnam, has a population of over 8 million.
- The Minister of Education, who spoke at the conference, emphasized the importance of digital literacy.
2. Phân từ rút gọn (Participle Clauses)
Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ hoặc mệnh đề trạng ngữ bằng V-ing (chủ động) hoặc V-ed/V3 (bị động).
| Câu đầy đủ | Câu rút gọn |
|---|---|
| Students who study hard will achieve good results. | Students studying hard will achieve good results. |
| The report, which was published in 2024, shows... | The report, published in 2024, shows... |
| Because she had finished her essay, she left early. | Having finished her essay, she left early. |
| The bridge, which was built in 1990, needs repair. | The bridge, built in 1990, needs repair. |
3. Đảo ngữ (Inversion)
Đảo ngữ tạo sự nhấn mạnh, phù hợp cho bài luận formal.
| Cấu trúc | Ví dụ |
|---|---|
| Not only... but also | Not only does education improve individuals, but it also strengthens the economy. |
| Only when/if | Only when the government takes action will the problem be solved. |
| Rarely / Seldom | Rarely do students achieve Band C1 without consistent practice. |
| Under no circumstances | Under no circumstances should candidates copy from others. |
4. Câu chẻ (Cleft Sentences)
Câu chẻ nhấn mạnh một thành phần trong câu:
- It is/was... that...: It is the lack of practice that causes most students to fail the writing test.
- What... is/was...: What the government needs to do is invest more in rural education.
5. Ví dụ đoạn văn kết hợp cấu trúc nâng cao
Education, which plays a vital role in national development, has received significant investment in recent years. Not only has the government built more schools in remote areas, but it has also introduced scholarship programs for disadvantaged students. Having recognized the importance of digital literacy, many provinces have equipped classrooms with modern technology. It is this comprehensive approach that has led to a steady improvement in literacy rates across the country.
6. Bài tập — Viết lại câu dùng cấu trúc nâng cao
- The students passed the exam. They studied consistently. (relative clause)
→ The students who studied consistently passed the exam. - The law was passed in 2023. It aims to protect the environment. (participle)
→ The law, passed in 2023, aims to protect the environment. - Education improves society. It also reduces poverty. (Not only... but also)
→ Not only does education improve society, but it also reduces poverty. - He finished the report. He submitted it immediately. (Having + V3)
→ Having finished the report, he submitted it immediately. - The lack of funding causes the problem. (It is... that)
→ It is the lack of funding that causes the problem. - The building was constructed in 2020. It serves as a community center. (participle)
→ The building, constructed in 2020, serves as a community center. - The government needs to reform the education system. (What... is)
→ What the government needs to do is reform the education system. - She completed her training. She was promoted. (Having + V3)
→ Having completed her training, she was promoted. - Students rarely achieve high scores. They don't practice. (Rarely)
→ Rarely do students achieve high scores without regular practice. - The conference was held in Hanoi. It attracted 500 delegates. (non-defining relative clause)
→ The conference, which was held in Hanoi, attracted 500 delegates.