Cấu trúc câu phức Writing — although because while

Cấu trúc câu phức trong Writing VSTEP

Câu phức (complex sentence) là câu có một mệnh đề chính và ít nhất một mệnh đề phụ, nối bằng liên từ phụ thuộc (subordinating conjunction). Sử dụng câu phức giúp bài viết đa dạng về ngữ pháp, tăng điểm tiêu chí Grammar.

1. Các liên từ phụ thuộc thường dùng

2. Quy tắc viết câu phức

• Mệnh đề phụ đứng trước → dùng dấu phẩy: Although it rained, we continued the event.
• Mệnh đề phụ đứng sau → không dùng dấu phẩy: We continued the event although it rained.
• Không dùng but + although cùng lúc (lỗi phổ biến).

3. Ví dụ câu phức theo từng nhóm

a) Nguyên nhân — because / since / as

• Because the government has invested in education, literacy rates have improved significantly.
• Since many employees lack digital skills, training programs should be organized regularly.
• As urbanization continues to accelerate, housing prices are rising rapidly.

b) Nhượng bộ — although / even though

• Although the salary is not very high, many graduates still want to become civil servants.
• Even though the policy has been implemented for five years, its effectiveness remains questionable.

c) Thời gian — when / while / before / after

• When candidates apply for government positions, they must pass a written examination.
• While some people prefer stable jobs, others seek higher-paying opportunities in the private sector.
• Before submitting the essay, candidates should check for grammatical errors carefully.

d) Điều kiện — if / unless / provided that

• If the government increases public spending, the economy may recover more quickly.
• Unless stricter regulations are enforced, environmental pollution will continue to worsen.

e) Mục đích — so that / in order that

• The government has launched scholarship programs so that disadvantaged students can access higher education.

4. Cách kết hợp câu phức trong bài viết

Một đoạn văn tốt nên kết hợp câu đơn, câu ghép và câu phức:

Urbanization is a major trend in Vietnam. Although it brings economic growth, it also causes several problems. Because more people move to cities, the demand for housing and public services increases dramatically. If the government does not invest in infrastructure, overcrowding and pollution will become more serious. Therefore, a balanced approach to urban planning is essential so that both economic development and quality of life can be maintained.

5. Bài tập — Viết lại câu dùng liên từ trong ngoặc

Viết lại các câu sau thành câu phức:

1. The exam is difficult. Many candidates fail. (because)
   → Many candidates fail because the exam is difficult.
2. She studied very hard. She did not pass. (although)
   → Although she studied very hard, she did not pass.
3. He was writing the essay. The time ran out. (while)
   → While he was writing the essay, the time ran out.
4. You practice writing every day. Your score will improve. (if)
   → If you practice writing every day, your score will improve.
5. The policy was introduced. Living standards have improved. (since)
   → Since the policy was introduced, living standards have improved.
6. They moved to the city. They wanted better job opportunities. (so that)
   → They moved to the city so that they could find better job opportunities.
7. The weather was terrible. The outdoor event was successful. (even though)
   → Even though the weather was terrible, the outdoor event was successful.
8. He checks his grammar. He submits the essay. (before)
   → Before he submits the essay, he checks his grammar.
9. The new law takes effect. Companies must comply. (when)
   → When the new law takes effect, companies must comply.
10. Employees receive proper training. They can perform better. (provided that)
    → Provided that employees receive proper training, they can perform better.

6. Lỗi thường gặp với câu phức