Bài đọc nâng cao số 1 — Political Conflict and Territorial Disputes
Thời gian khuyến nghị: 15 phút | Độ khó: B2-C1 | 10 câu hỏi trắc nghiệm
Passage: Political Conflict and Territorial Disputes in the Modern Era
Throughout history, territorial disputes have been among the most intractable sources of political conflict. While the post-World War II international order, anchored by institutions such as the United Nations, was designed to mitigate the likelihood of armed confrontation over borders, the 21st century has witnessed a resurgence of territorial tensions across multiple continents. These disputes are rarely simple contests over land; they are entangled with issues of sovereignty, national identity, resource access, and historical grievance.
The South China Sea remains one of the most volatile flashpoints in contemporary geopolitics. China's expansive maritime claims, delineated by the so-called "nine-dash line," overlap with the exclusive economic zones of Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia. Despite a 2016 ruling by the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague that found China's claims lacked legal basis under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), Beijing has continued to construct artificial islands, deploy military assets, and assert administrative control over contested waters. The strategic calculus underlying these actions extends beyond fisheries and hydrocarbon reserves; control of the South China Sea would grant China dominance over one of the world's busiest shipping lanes, through which approximately one-third of global maritime trade passes annually.
In Eastern Europe, the annexation of Crimea by Russia in 2014 and the subsequent full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022 fundamentally altered the post-Cold War security architecture. Russia justified its actions by invoking the protection of Russian-speaking populations and the perceived encroachment of NATO into its sphere of influence. The conflict exposed the limitations of international law in deterring aggression by major powers and prompted a significant recalibration of defense spending and alliance cohesion among European nations. Finland and Sweden's subsequent applications for NATO membership underscored the broader geopolitical reverberations of Russia's territorial ambitions.
The Kashmir dispute between India and Pakistan, meanwhile, represents one of the longest-running territorial conflicts in modern history. Since the partition of British India in 1947, both nations have fought three wars over the region and maintained heavily militarized positions along the Line of Control. The revocation of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution in 2019, which stripped Jammu and Kashmir of its special autonomous status, intensified diplomatic friction and drew international scrutiny. The dispute is further complicated by China's control of the Aksai Chin plateau and the construction of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor through Pakistan-administered Kashmir.
What these disparate conflicts share is the inadequacy of purely legalistic frameworks to resolve deeply rooted political antagonisms. International tribunals and arbitration mechanisms presuppose a willingness among parties to accept binding outcomes — a condition that is seldom met when core sovereignty claims are at stake. Moreover, the involvement of great powers with veto authority in the UN Security Council effectively paralyzes the collective security mechanisms that were designed to address precisely these scenarios. Scholars of international relations increasingly argue that a combination of diplomatic engagement, economic interdependence, and multilateral confidence-building measures offers a more pragmatic, if imperfect, pathway toward managing — if not resolving — territorial disputes in the contemporary era.
Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm
Câu 1. What is the main purpose of this passage?
A. To argue that the United Nations should be abolished
B. To examine major territorial disputes and the limitations of current resolution mechanisms
C. To prove that military force is the only effective way to resolve border conflicts
D. To provide a chronological history of all wars since World War II
Câu 2. According to the passage, what did the 2016 ruling by the Permanent Court of Arbitration conclude?
A. China has full legal sovereignty over the South China Sea
B. China's nine-dash line claims lacked legal basis under UNCLOS
C. Vietnam and the Philippines must share fishing rights with China
D. The South China Sea should be designated as international waters
Câu 3. The word "intractable" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to:
A. Simple
B. Extremely difficult to resolve
C. Temporary
D. Well-documented
Câu 4. Why does China seek to control the South China Sea, beyond fisheries and hydrocarbons?
A. To establish a new capital city on artificial islands
B. To dominate a major global shipping route
C. To prevent tourism in the region
D. To build underwater research laboratories
Câu 5. What justification did Russia provide for its actions in Crimea and Ukraine?
A. Economic recession in Russia required new territory
B. Protection of Russian-speaking populations and resistance to NATO expansion
C. Ukraine voluntarily requested Russian military presence
D. The European Union asked Russia to intervene
Câu 6. The phrase "geopolitical reverberations" in paragraph 3 most likely refers to:
A. Earthquake-related geological events
B. Widespread political and strategic consequences
C. Minor diplomatic disagreements
D. Economic recession in Europe
Câu 7. What event intensified the Kashmir dispute in 2019?
A. A new war between India and Pakistan
B. China's withdrawal from Aksai Chin
C. India's revocation of Article 370, removing Kashmir's special autonomous status
D. Pakistan's application for NATO membership
Câu 8. According to the passage, why are international tribunals often ineffective in resolving territorial disputes?
A. They are too expensive to operate
B. They require parties to accept binding outcomes, which rarely happens with core sovereignty claims
C. They only deal with economic issues, not territorial ones
D. They are controlled by a single country
Câu 9. It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes:
A. Military force is the most effective solution to territorial disputes
B. Territorial disputes will be completely resolved within the next decade
C. A pragmatic combination of diplomacy and economic ties is more realistic than purely legal approaches
D. The United Nations has successfully prevented all major conflicts since 1945
Câu 10. Which of the following best describes the organizational pattern of this passage?
A. Chronological narrative of a single conflict
B. Compare and contrast of two opposing theories
C. Multiple case studies followed by a general analytical conclusion
D. A personal memoir of wartime experiences
Đáp án và giải thích
| Câu | Đáp án | Giải thích |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | B | Bài đọc phân tích nhiều tranh chấp lãnh thổ (Biển Đông, Ukraine, Kashmir) và chỉ ra hạn chế của cơ chế giải quyết hiện tại. |
| 2 | B | Đoạn 2 nêu rõ: "found China's claims lacked legal basis under UNCLOS." |
| 3 | B | "Intractable" = rất khó giải quyết, cực kỳ nan giải. Ngữ cảnh: tranh chấp lãnh thổ là nguồn xung đột "intractable" nhất. |
| 4 | B | Đoạn 2: "control... would grant China dominance over one of the world's busiest shipping lanes." |
| 5 | B | Đoạn 3: "invoking the protection of Russian-speaking populations and the perceived encroachment of NATO." |
| 6 | B | "Reverberations" = tiếng vang, tác động lan rộng. Ở đây chỉ hậu quả chính trị-chiến lược (Phần Lan, Thụy Điển xin gia nhập NATO). |
| 7 | C | Đoạn 4: "The revocation of Article 370... which stripped Jammu and Kashmir of its special autonomous status, intensified diplomatic friction." |
| 8 | B | Đoạn 5: "presuppose a willingness among parties to accept binding outcomes — a condition that is seldom met." |
| 9 | C | Đoạn cuối: tác giả cho rằng kết hợp ngoại giao, phụ thuộc kinh tế và xây dựng lòng tin là con đường "more pragmatic." |
| 10 | C | Bài viết trình bày 3 case studies (Biển Đông, Ukraine, Kashmir) rồi đưa ra kết luận phân tích tổng quát ở đoạn cuối. |
Từ vựng khó
| Từ/Cụm từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt |
|---|---|---|
| intractable | /ɪnˈtræktəbl/ | Nan giải, rất khó giải quyết |
| mitigate | /ˈmɪtɪɡeɪt/ | Giảm thiểu, làm dịu bớt |
| resurgence | /rɪˈsɜːrdʒəns/ | Sự hồi sinh, trỗi dậy |
| sovereignty | /ˈsɒvrɪnti/ | Chủ quyền |
| flashpoint | /ˈflæʃpɔɪnt/ | Điểm nóng (dễ bùng phát xung đột) |
| delineated | /dɪˈlɪnieɪtɪd/ | Được vạch ra, phân định |
| calculus | /ˈkælkjʊləs/ | Tính toán chiến lược |
| annexation | /ˌænekˈseɪʃn/ | Sáp nhập (lãnh thổ) |
| encroachment | /ɪnˈkroʊtʃmənt/ | Sự xâm lấn, lấn chiếm |
| recalibration | /riːˌkælɪˈbreɪʃn/ | Sự điều chỉnh lại |
| antagonism | /ænˈtæɡənɪzəm/ | Sự đối kháng, thù địch |
| multilateral | /ˌmʌltiˈlætərəl/ | Đa phương |