Đề luyện Reading VSTEP số 3 — Thời gian: 60 phút

Đề gồm 4 bài đọc, mỗi bài 10 câu hỏi trắc nghiệm (A, B, C, D). Tổng cộng 40 câu. Hãy hoàn thành trong 60 phút.

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Passage 1: Online Education

Online education has grown dramatically since 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic forced schools and universities worldwide to shift to remote learning. Before the pandemic, only about 15 percent of university students had taken an online course. By 2023, that figure had risen to over 40 percent. Many institutions now offer hybrid models that combine in-person and online instruction.

Supporters of online education point to its flexibility and accessibility. Students can learn at their own pace, review recorded lectures, and attend classes from anywhere with an internet connection. Online programs are often less expensive than traditional ones because they eliminate costs such as transportation, housing, and physical classroom maintenance. For working adults and parents, online education makes it possible to earn a degree without giving up their jobs or family responsibilities.

Critics, however, argue that online learning lacks the social interaction and hands-on experience that traditional classrooms provide. Studies have shown that completion rates for online courses are significantly lower than for in-person courses, with some programs reporting dropout rates as high as 90 percent. Students also report feeling isolated and struggling with motivation when learning alone at home. The digital divide remains a concern, as students in rural areas or developing countries may lack reliable internet access.

Câu 1. Before the pandemic, what percentage of university students had taken an online course?

A. About 5 percent
B. About 15 percent
C. About 25 percent
D. About 40 percent

Câu 2. The word "hybrid" in paragraph 1 refers to ___.

A. only online classes
B. only in-person classes
C. a combination of online and in-person
D. self-study without teachers

Câu 3. Which is NOT mentioned as an advantage of online education?

A. Flexibility
B. Lower cost
C. Better exam scores
D. Accessibility

Câu 4. Some online programs have dropout rates as high as ___.

A. 50 percent
B. 70 percent
C. 80 percent
D. 90 percent

Câu 5. The "digital divide" refers to ___.

A. disagreements about technology in education
B. unequal access to internet and technology
C. the gap between online and offline prices
D. competition between tech companies

Câu 6. What do critics say about online learning?

A. It is too expensive for students
B. It lacks social interaction
C. It requires too much travel
D. It is only suitable for children

Câu 7. By 2023, online course participation rose to over ___.

A. 20 percent
B. 30 percent
C. 40 percent
D. 50 percent

Câu 8. Online education especially benefits ___.

A. children under five years old
B. working adults and parents
C. professional athletes
D. retired people only

Câu 9. It can be inferred that completion rates for online courses ___.

A. are higher than traditional courses
B. are a significant problem
C. do not matter to educators
D. are improving rapidly

Câu 10. The author's attitude toward online education is ___.

A. entirely supportive
B. balanced, presenting both sides
C. completely negative
D. uninterested

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Passage 2: The Global Water Crisis

Access to clean water is one of the most pressing challenges facing humanity. According to the United Nations, approximately 2 billion people worldwide lack access to safely managed drinking water. In sub-Saharan Africa, only 30 percent of the population has access to clean water, forcing millions to walk long distances to collect water from rivers and wells that may be contaminated.

The water crisis is driven by several factors. Population growth increases demand, while climate change alters rainfall patterns and causes droughts in previously water-rich regions. Industrial pollution and agricultural runoff contaminate freshwater sources, making them unsafe for drinking. Aging infrastructure in many countries leads to significant water loss through leaking pipes — in some cities, up to 40 percent of treated water is lost before reaching consumers.

Solutions exist but require significant investment. Desalination plants convert seawater into freshwater, but the process is energy-intensive and expensive. Water recycling systems can treat wastewater for reuse in agriculture and industry. Simple technologies like rainwater harvesting and drip irrigation can dramatically improve water efficiency in farming. Experts agree that addressing the water crisis requires a combination of technological innovation, infrastructure investment, and changes in how societies value and manage water resources.

Câu 11. How many people lack access to safe drinking water?

A. About 1 billion
B. About 2 billion
C. About 3 billion
D. About 4 billion

Câu 12. In sub-Saharan Africa, what percentage has access to clean water?

A. 10 percent
B. 20 percent
C. 30 percent
D. 50 percent

Câu 13. The word "runoff" in paragraph 2 refers to ___.

A. water that flows over land carrying pollutants
B. athletes who run on farms
C. water that evaporates quickly
D. clean water from rivers

Câu 14. How much treated water is lost through leaking pipes in some cities?

A. Up to 10 percent
B. Up to 20 percent
C. Up to 30 percent
D. Up to 40 percent

Câu 15. What is a disadvantage of desalination?

A. It produces toxic water
B. It is energy-intensive and expensive
C. It only works in cold climates
D. It requires ocean access only

Câu 16. Which is NOT mentioned as a cause of the water crisis?

A. Population growth
B. Climate change
C. Volcanic eruptions
D. Industrial pollution

Câu 17. Drip irrigation helps ___.

A. desalinate seawater
B. improve water efficiency in farming
C. clean polluted rivers
D. repair aging pipes

Câu 18. The word "pressing" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. gentle
B. urgent
C. minor
D. traditional

Câu 19. Experts say the water crisis requires ___.

A. only new technology
B. only more money
C. a combination of approaches
D. military intervention

Câu 20. It can be inferred that the water crisis ___.

A. only affects poor countries
B. can be solved but requires commitment
C. is not a serious problem
D. will resolve itself naturally

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Passage 3: How Memory Works

Human memory is far more complex than most people realize. Rather than functioning like a video camera that records events exactly as they happen, memory is a reconstructive process. Each time we recall an event, our brain essentially rebuilds the memory from scattered pieces of information, filling in gaps with assumptions and expectations. This means that memories are not perfect records but rather interpretations that can be influenced by our current mood, beliefs, and subsequent experiences.

Scientists distinguish between three main types of memory. Sensory memory holds information from the senses for a very brief period, typically less than one second for visual information and up to four seconds for auditory information. Short-term memory, also called working memory, can hold approximately seven items for about 20 to 30 seconds without rehearsal. Long-term memory has virtually unlimited capacity and can store information for a lifetime, though retrieval becomes more difficult over time without periodic review.

The process of moving information from short-term to long-term memory is called encoding. Several factors affect encoding efficiency. Emotional events are encoded more strongly because the amygdala, the brain's emotional center, enhances memory formation during heightened emotional states. Repetition strengthens neural pathways, making retrieval easier. Sleep plays a critical role in memory consolidation — during deep sleep, the hippocampus replays the day's experiences, transferring important information to the cortex for long-term storage. Students who sleep well after studying retain significantly more information than those who stay up all night cramming.

Câu 21. According to the passage, human memory works like ___.

A. a video camera
B. a reconstructive process
C. a computer hard drive
D. a photograph

Câu 22. How long does sensory memory hold visual information?

A. Less than one second
B. About four seconds
C. About 20 seconds
D. About one minute

Câu 23. Short-term memory can hold approximately ___ items.

A. Three
B. Five
C. Seven
D. Twelve

Câu 24. The word "retrieval" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. storage
B. deletion
C. recovery or recall
D. creation

Câu 25. Which brain structure enhances memory during emotional events?

A. The cortex
B. The hippocampus
C. The amygdala
D. The cerebellum

Câu 26. The process of moving information to long-term memory is called ___.

A. retrieval
B. rehearsal
C. encoding
D. sensing

Câu 27. During deep sleep, the ___ replays the day's experiences.

A. amygdala
B. cortex
C. hippocampus
D. cerebellum

Câu 28. The word "cramming" in the last sentence is closest in meaning to ___.

A. sleeping deeply
B. studying intensively at the last minute
C. exercising vigorously
D. eating a large meal

Câu 29. Which statement about long-term memory is true?

A. It can only hold seven items
B. It lasts less than 30 seconds
C. It has virtually unlimited capacity
D. It works better without sleep

Câu 30. It can be inferred that students who want to remember more should ___.

A. avoid sleeping after studying
B. study while feeling no emotions
C. get adequate sleep after studying
D. memorize everything at once

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Passage 4: The Circular Economy

The traditional economic model follows a linear pattern: extract raw materials, manufacture products, use them, and then discard them as waste. This "take-make-dispose" approach has driven industrial growth for centuries but has created enormous environmental problems. Each year, the world generates over 2 billion tonnes of solid waste, and this figure is expected to increase by 70 percent by 2050. The circular economy offers an alternative framework that aims to eliminate waste and keep resources in use for as long as possible.

In a circular economy, products are designed from the outset to be durable, repairable, and recyclable. Instead of planned obsolescence — the deliberate design of products with limited lifespans to encourage repeat purchases — manufacturers create goods that can be easily disassembled and their components reused. The Ellen MacArthur Foundation identifies three core principles: eliminate waste and pollution by design, circulate products and materials at their highest value, and regenerate natural systems rather than depleting them.

Several companies and countries have begun implementing circular economy principles. The Netherlands aims to be fully circular by 2050 and has established programs to redesign products, reduce food waste, and develop new business models based on sharing and leasing rather than ownership. Patagonia, the outdoor clothing company, offers a repair program and resells used clothing through its Worn Wear platform. Interface, a carpet manufacturer, takes back old carpets and recycles them into new products, diverting thousands of tonnes of waste from landfills annually.

Critics argue that the circular economy faces significant barriers. Recycling processes often require substantial energy and may produce lower-quality materials. Consumer behavior is difficult to change, as people are accustomed to the convenience of disposable products. The initial investment required to redesign manufacturing processes can be prohibitive for smaller companies. Nevertheless, proponents contend that the circular economy is not merely an environmental ideal but an economic necessity, as finite resources become increasingly scarce and expensive.

Câu 31. The traditional economic model is described as ___.

A. circular
B. sustainable
C. linear (take-make-dispose)
D. sharing-based

Câu 32. How much solid waste does the world generate annually?

A. Over 1 billion tonnes
B. Over 2 billion tonnes
C. Over 5 billion tonnes
D. Over 10 billion tonnes

Câu 33. The word "obsolescence" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. innovation
B. becoming outdated or useless
C. improvement
D. popularity

Câu 34. Which country aims to be fully circular by 2050?

A. Germany
B. Japan
C. The Netherlands
D. Sweden

Câu 35. What does Patagonia's Worn Wear platform do?

A. Sells new clothing at discount prices
B. Resells used clothing
C. Donates clothing to charities
D. Recycles clothing into building materials

Câu 36. Which is NOT a core principle of the circular economy according to the Ellen MacArthur Foundation?

A. Eliminate waste and pollution
B. Circulate products at highest value
C. Maximize short-term profits
D. Regenerate natural systems

Câu 37. Interface diverts waste from landfills by ___.

A. burning old carpets for energy
B. recycling old carpets into new products
C. sending carpets to developing countries
D. burying carpets underground

Câu 38. Which is a barrier to the circular economy?

A. Too many recycling facilities
B. Consumer preference for disposable products
C. Excessive government support
D. Too many raw materials available

Câu 39. Proponents argue the circular economy is ___.

A. only an environmental ideal
B. impossible to implement
C. an economic necessity
D. only for large companies

Câu 40. The main purpose of the passage is to ___.

A. criticize all forms of manufacturing
B. explain the circular economy concept, examples, and challenges
C. argue that recycling is a waste of time
D. promote specific companies' products

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Xem đáp án và giải thích chi tiết tại bài tiếp theo.

Đáp án đề Reading VSTEP số 3

Bảng đáp án

Câu	Đáp án	Câu	Đáp án	Câu	Đáp án	Câu	Đáp án
1	B	11	B	21	B	31	C
2	C	12	C	22	A	32	B
3	C	13	A	23	C	33	B
4	D	14	D	24	C	34	C
5	B	15	B	25	C	35	B
6	B	16	C	26	C	36	C
7	C	17	B	27	C	37	B
8	B	18	B	28	B	38	B
9	B	19	C	29	C	39	C
10	B	20	B	30	C	40	B

Giải thích 10 câu khó nhất

Câu 2 (Đáp án: C)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Hybrid models" — kết hợp cả trực tuyến và trực tiếp. "Hybrid" nghĩa là lai, kết hợp hai hình thức khác nhau. Câu gốc xác nhận: "combine in-person and online instruction."

Câu 5 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Digital divide" — khoảng cách số, sự bất bình đẳng trong tiếp cận internet và công nghệ. Câu sau giải thích: "students in rural areas or developing countries may lack reliable internet access."

Câu 9 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Inference. Passage nêu dropout rates lên tới 90%, sinh viên cảm thấy cô lập và thiếu động lực. Đây rõ ràng là vấn đề đáng lo ngại (significant problem), không phải "không quan trọng" hay "đang cải thiện nhanh".

Câu 13 (Đáp án: A)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Agricultural runoff" — nước chảy tràn từ nông nghiệp, mang theo phân bón và thuốc trừ sâu. "Water that flows over land carrying pollutants" mô tả chính xác hiện tượng này.

Câu 18 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "One of the most pressing challenges" — pressing nghĩa là cấp bách, cần giải quyết ngay. Trong ngữ cảnh 2 tỷ người thiếu nước sạch, "urgent" là nghĩa phù hợp nhất.

Câu 24 (Đáp án: C)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Retrieval becomes more difficult" — retrieval là quá trình lấy lại, truy xuất thông tin đã lưu. Trong ngữ cảnh trí nhớ, "recovery or recall" (nhớ lại) là nghĩa chính xác.

Câu 25 (Đáp án: C)

Dạng: Detail. Câu gốc: "the amygdala, the brain's emotional center, enhances memory formation during heightened emotional states." Amygdala là cấu trúc não tăng cường trí nhớ trong các sự kiện cảm xúc mạnh.

Câu 28 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Stay up all night cramming" — cramming nghĩa là nhồi nhét kiến thức vào phút cuối, học dồn ngay trước khi thi. Đối lập với việc ngủ đủ giấc sau khi học.

Câu 33 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Planned obsolescence" — câu giải thích ngay sau: "the deliberate design of products with limited lifespans." Obsolescence = trở nên lỗi thời, không dùng được nữa.

Câu 39 (Đáp án: C)

Dạng: Detail. Câu gốc: "proponents contend that the circular economy is not merely an environmental ideal but an economic necessity, as finite resources become increasingly scarce and expensive." Đáp án C chính xác: an economic necessity.

Đề luyện Reading VSTEP số 4 — Thời gian: 60 phút

Đề gồm 4 bài đọc, mỗi bài 10 câu hỏi trắc nghiệm (A, B, C, D). Tổng cộng 40 câu. Hãy hoàn thành trong 60 phút.

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Passage 1: The Mediterranean Diet

The Mediterranean diet, inspired by the traditional eating habits of countries like Greece, Italy, and Spain, has been widely recognized as one of the healthiest dietary patterns in the world. It emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and olive oil, while limiting red meat, processed foods, and added sugars. Fish and poultry are consumed in moderate amounts, and red wine is often enjoyed in small quantities with meals.

Research consistently supports the health benefits of this diet. A landmark study published in the New England Journal of Medicine followed 7,447 participants over five years and found that those on a Mediterranean diet had a 30 percent lower risk of heart attack and stroke compared to a low-fat diet group. Other studies have linked the diet to reduced risks of type 2 diabetes, certain cancers, and cognitive decline. The diet's high content of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds is believed to be responsible for these protective effects.

Despite its benefits, adopting the Mediterranean diet can be challenging for people outside the Mediterranean region. Fresh produce, olive oil, and fish can be expensive in some countries. Cultural food preferences and busy lifestyles may make it difficult to prepare meals from scratch. Nutritionists suggest that people do not need to follow the diet perfectly — even incorporating some of its principles, such as eating more vegetables and using olive oil instead of butter, can provide significant health benefits.

Câu 1. Which food is emphasized in the Mediterranean diet?

A. Red meat
B. Processed foods
C. Olive oil
D. Added sugars

Câu 2. The landmark study followed ___ participants.

A. 3,447
B. 5,447
C. 7,447
D. 9,447

Câu 3. The Mediterranean diet reduced heart attack and stroke risk by ___.

A. 10 percent
B. 20 percent
C. 30 percent
D. 40 percent

Câu 4. The word "landmark" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. ordinary
B. groundbreaking and significant
C. controversial
D. outdated

Câu 5. Which disease is NOT linked to a reduced risk from the Mediterranean diet?

A. Heart disease
B. Type 2 diabetes
C. Malaria
D. Certain cancers

Câu 6. What makes the diet challenging for people outside the region?

A. The food tastes bad
B. Ingredients can be expensive
C. Doctors discourage it
D. It requires special equipment

Câu 7. The diet's protective effects are attributed to ___.

A. high protein content
B. antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds
C. low calorie count
D. vitamin supplements

Câu 8. Nutritionists suggest that people ___.

A. must follow the diet perfectly
B. can benefit from incorporating some principles
C. should avoid olive oil
D. should eat more red meat

Câu 9. The word "scratch" in "prepare meals from scratch" means ___.

A. quickly
B. from basic ingredients
C. using a microwave
D. at a restaurant

Câu 10. It can be inferred that the Mediterranean diet ___.

A. is only effective for Mediterranean people
B. has strong scientific evidence supporting it
C. will cure all diseases
D. is the only healthy diet option

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Passage 2: Public Transportation

Efficient public transportation systems are essential for modern cities. They reduce traffic congestion, lower carbon emissions, and provide affordable mobility for people who cannot drive or afford a car. Cities with well-developed public transit systems, such as Tokyo, Singapore, and Vienna, consistently rank among the world's most livable cities. In contrast, cities that depend heavily on private cars often suffer from severe congestion, poor air quality, and social inequality in transportation access.

The most successful public transportation systems share several common features. They offer frequent service — trains or buses arrive every few minutes during peak hours, so passengers do not need to consult timetables. Routes are designed to connect major residential areas, workplaces, schools, and commercial centers. Intermodal integration allows passengers to transfer seamlessly between different forms of transport, such as bus, subway, and bicycle-sharing systems. Affordable pricing, often with discounted passes for students and elderly residents, encourages ridership.

However, building and maintaining public transportation infrastructure is extremely expensive. A single kilometer of subway construction can cost anywhere from $100 million to over $1 billion, depending on geology and urban density. Many cities struggle to fund expansions and upgrades while keeping fares affordable. Political resistance from car-centric communities and competition from ride-hailing services like Uber add further challenges. Experts argue that governments must view public transportation as a public good, like education and healthcare, worthy of sustained investment rather than expected to generate profit.

Câu 11. Which city is mentioned as having good public transportation?

A. Los Angeles
B. Tokyo
C. Houston
D. Dubai

Câu 12. Cities dependent on private cars often suffer from ___.

A. too many bus routes
B. excessive subway construction
C. severe congestion and poor air quality
D. too many bicycles

Câu 13. The word "intermodal" in paragraph 2 refers to ___.

A. one type of transport only
B. combining different forms of transport
C. international travel
D. self-driving vehicles

Câu 14. Subway construction can cost up to ___ per kilometer.

A. $10 million
B. $50 million
C. $500 million
D. Over $1 billion

Câu 15. Which is NOT a feature of successful public transit systems?

A. Frequent service
B. Affordable pricing
C. Luxury seating for all passengers
D. Good route coverage

Câu 16. Experts compare public transportation to ___.

A. private business
B. entertainment
C. education and healthcare
D. military defense

Câu 17. The word "ridership" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. the cost of building transit
B. the number of people using transit
C. the speed of trains
D. the quality of seats

Câu 18. Which is a challenge for public transportation?

A. Too many passengers
B. Competition from ride-hailing services
C. Lack of roads
D. Excessive government funding

Câu 19. It can be inferred that the author believes ___.

A. public transit should make a profit
B. private cars are better than public transit
C. governments should invest more in public transit
D. ride-hailing services should be banned

Câu 20. The main purpose of the passage is to ___.

A. advertise specific transit companies
B. discuss the importance, features, and challenges of public transit
C. argue that all cities should ban cars
D. compare Tokyo and Singapore

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Passage 3: Endangered Languages

Of the approximately 7,000 languages spoken worldwide today, linguists estimate that nearly half are endangered — meaning they have fewer speakers each generation and may disappear entirely within the next century. A language is considered critically endangered when only the oldest generation speaks it, and children are no longer learning it as their first language. When the last fluent speaker of a language dies, centuries of accumulated knowledge, oral literature, and cultural identity are lost irreversibly.

Language death is driven primarily by social and economic pressures. Speakers of minority languages often shift to dominant languages to access better education, employment, and social mobility. Governments may discourage or even prohibit the use of minority languages in schools and official settings. Urbanization separates young people from their linguistic communities, and mass media in dominant languages further accelerates the shift. In Australia, for example, only 13 of the original 250 Aboriginal languages are still being passed to children.

Efforts to preserve endangered languages take many forms. Language documentation projects use audio and video recordings to create permanent records of grammar, vocabulary, and oral traditions. Immersion programs, where children attend schools conducted entirely in the endangered language, have shown remarkable success — the revival of Hebrew in Israel and the resurgence of Maori in New Zealand demonstrate that language revitalization is possible with sufficient community commitment and government support.

Digital technology offers new tools for language preservation. Mobile apps, online dictionaries, and social media platforms allow speakers to use their languages in daily digital communication, increasing their visibility and prestige. Some communities have created YouTube channels and podcasts in their languages, reaching young people who might otherwise have no exposure to their heritage language.

Câu 21. How many languages are spoken worldwide?

A. About 3,000
B. About 5,000
C. About 7,000
D. About 10,000

Câu 22. A language is critically endangered when ___.

A. only the oldest generation speaks it
B. it has fewer than 1,000 speakers
C. it is not used on the internet
D. it has no written form

Câu 23. In Australia, how many Aboriginal languages are still passed to children?

A. 5
B. 13
C. 50
D. 100

Câu 24. The word "irreversibly" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. temporarily
B. partially
C. permanently, cannot be undone
D. slowly

Câu 25. Which is NOT a cause of language death mentioned in the passage?

A. Economic pressures
B. Government discouragement
C. Climate change
D. Urbanization

Câu 26. Immersion programs involve ___.

A. teaching only in the dominant language
B. conducting school entirely in the endangered language
C. using translation apps in class
D. studying languages online only

Câu 27. Which languages are given as examples of successful revitalization?

A. Latin and Sanskrit
B. French and German
C. Hebrew and Maori
D. Chinese and Arabic

Câu 28. The word "resurgence" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. disappearance
B. revival and comeback
C. simplification
D. translation

Câu 29. How does digital technology help preserve languages?

A. By replacing endangered languages
B. By banning dominant languages online
C. Through apps, online dictionaries, and social media
D. By creating new artificial languages

Câu 30. It can be inferred that language preservation ___.

A. is impossible in the modern world
B. only works for European languages
C. requires both community effort and government support
D. is unnecessary because English is sufficient

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Passage 4: The Ethics of Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering — the direct manipulation of an organism's DNA — has advanced rapidly since the discovery of CRISPR-Cas9 in 2012. This revolutionary gene-editing tool allows scientists to modify DNA sequences with unprecedented precision, speed, and affordability. CRISPR has been used to develop disease-resistant crops, create gene therapies for previously incurable genetic disorders, and even engineer mosquitoes that cannot transmit malaria. In 2023, the first CRISPR-based therapy for sickle cell disease received regulatory approval, marking a milestone in genetic medicine.

The potential applications of genetic engineering in human health are enormous. Gene therapy could theoretically eliminate hereditary diseases such as cystic fibrosis, Huntington's disease, and certain forms of cancer by correcting the faulty genes responsible. Somatic gene therapy, which modifies genes in non-reproductive cells, affects only the individual patient and is widely accepted by the medical community. However, germline editing — modifying genes in reproductive cells or embryos — raises profound ethical concerns because changes would be inherited by future generations who cannot consent to the modification.

The prospect of "designer babies" — selecting or enhancing traits such as intelligence, height, or athletic ability — has generated intense debate. Proponents argue that parents should have the right to give their children the best possible genetic advantages. Critics counter that this could create a genetic underclass, where only wealthy families can afford enhancements, exacerbating social inequality. There are also concerns about unintended consequences: the human genome is extraordinarily complex, and modifying one gene may have unpredictable effects on others.

Regulation of genetic engineering varies widely across countries. Some nations, including the UK and Japan, allow research on human embryos under strict oversight but prohibit clinical application of germline editing. China's regulatory environment has been more permissive, leading to controversial experiments. International scientific bodies have called for a global moratorium on clinical germline editing until the technology's safety and ethical implications are better understood.

Câu 31. When was CRISPR-Cas9 discovered?

A. 2005
B. 2008
C. 2012
D. 2018

Câu 32. The first CRISPR-based therapy approved was for ___.

A. cancer
B. malaria
C. sickle cell disease
D. diabetes

Câu 33. Somatic gene therapy modifies genes in ___.

A. reproductive cells
B. non-reproductive cells
C. embryos
D. sperm and egg cells

Câu 34. The word "germline" refers to ___.

A. skin cells
B. brain cells
C. reproductive cells or embryos
D. blood cells

Câu 35. Critics of "designer babies" worry about ___.

A. children being too healthy
B. increased social inequality
C. reduced birth rates
D. children becoming too tall

Câu 36. The word "moratorium" in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to ___.

A. celebration
B. temporary ban or pause
C. acceleration
D. competition

Câu 37. Germline editing is controversial because ___.

A. it is too expensive
B. changes are inherited by future generations
C. it only works on plants
D. it requires surgery

Câu 38. Which country is described as having a more permissive regulatory environment?

A. The UK
B. Japan
C. China
D. Germany

Câu 39. It can be inferred that the author believes genetic engineering ___.

A. should be completely banned
B. is entirely safe and harmless
C. needs careful regulation
D. is only useful for agriculture

Câu 40. The main purpose of the passage is to ___.

A. promote genetic engineering products
B. explain genetic engineering technology and its ethical challenges
C. argue against all scientific research
D. compare CRISPR with older technologies

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Xem đáp án và giải thích chi tiết tại bài tiếp theo.

Đáp án đề Reading VSTEP số 4

Bảng đáp án

Câu	Đáp án	Câu	Đáp án	Câu	Đáp án	Câu	Đáp án
1	C	11	B	21	C	31	C
2	C	12	C	22	A	32	C
3	C	13	B	23	B	33	B
4	B	14	D	24	C	34	C
5	C	15	C	25	C	35	B
6	B	16	C	26	B	36	B
7	B	17	B	27	C	37	B
8	B	18	B	28	B	38	C
9	B	19	C	29	C	39	C
10	B	20	B	30	C	40	B

Giải thích 10 câu khó nhất

Câu 4 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "A landmark study" — landmark nghĩa là mang tính bước ngoặt, có ý nghĩa quan trọng, đánh dấu một cột mốc trong lĩnh vực nghiên cứu. "Groundbreaking and significant" là nghĩa chính xác nhất.

Câu 9 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Prepare meals from scratch" — from scratch nghĩa là từ đầu, từ nguyên liệu cơ bản, không dùng thức ăn chế biến sẵn. Đối lập với mua đồ ăn nhanh hoặc đồ đông lạnh.

Câu 13 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Intermodal integration" — intermodal nghĩa là liên phương thức, kết hợp nhiều loại phương tiện giao thông khác nhau. Câu giải thích: "transfer seamlessly between bus, subway, and bicycle-sharing."

Câu 17 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Affordable pricing encourages ridership" — ridership là số lượng hành khách sử dụng phương tiện giao thông công cộng. Giá hợp lý → nhiều người sử dụng hơn.

Câu 22 (Đáp án: A)

Dạng: Detail. Câu gốc: "A language is considered critically endangered when only the oldest generation speaks it, and children are no longer learning it." Đáp án A chính xác: chỉ thế hệ già nhất còn nói.

Câu 24 (Đáp án: C)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Lost irreversibly" — irreversibly nghĩa là không thể đảo ngược, vĩnh viễn. Khi ngôn ngữ chết đi, kiến thức và văn hóa đi kèm mất vĩnh viễn.

Câu 28 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "The resurgence of Maori" — resurgence nghĩa là sự hồi sinh, trở lại mạnh mẽ sau thời kỳ suy giảm. "Revival and comeback" mô tả chính xác nghĩa này.

Câu 34 (Đáp án: C)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Germline editing — modifying genes in reproductive cells or embryos." Câu gốc định nghĩa rõ: germline = tế bào sinh sản hoặc phôi thai.

Câu 36 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "A global moratorium on clinical germline editing" — moratorium nghĩa là lệnh tạm dừng, đình chỉ tạm thời một hoạt động. Không phải cấm vĩnh viễn, mà dừng lại cho đến khi hiểu rõ hơn.

Câu 39 (Đáp án: C)

Dạng: Inference. Tác giả trình bày cả tiềm năng lẫn rủi ro, kết bài nhấn mạnh cần "global moratorium" và hiểu rõ "safety and ethical implications." Từ đó suy ra: tác giả ủng hộ quy định chặt chẽ cho genetic engineering, không phải cấm hoàn toàn hay bỏ mặc.

Đề luyện Reading VSTEP số 5 — Thời gian: 60 phút

Đề gồm 4 bài đọc, mỗi bài 10 câu hỏi trắc nghiệm (A, B, C, D). Tổng cộng 40 câu. Hãy hoàn thành trong 60 phút.

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Passage 1: Volunteering

Volunteering — giving one's time and skills without financial compensation — benefits both communities and the volunteers themselves. Research from the Corporation for National and Community Service shows that communities with high volunteering rates have lower crime rates, better schools, and stronger local economies. Volunteers provide essential services in healthcare, education, disaster relief, and environmental conservation that governments and nonprofits could not afford otherwise.

For individuals, volunteering offers surprising personal benefits. Studies have found that regular volunteers have lower rates of depression, higher life satisfaction, and even longer lifespans compared to non-volunteers. The social connections formed through volunteering reduce feelings of isolation, particularly among older adults. Young people who volunteer develop leadership skills, gain work experience, and build professional networks that benefit their future careers. Universities and employers increasingly value volunteer experience when evaluating candidates.

Despite these benefits, volunteering rates have declined in many countries. In the United States, the volunteer rate fell from 28.8 percent in 2005 to 23.2 percent in 2023. Experts attribute this decline to longer working hours, the rise of the gig economy, and the perception that volunteering requires a large time commitment. Organizations are adapting by offering micro-volunteering opportunities — short, flexible tasks that can be completed in an hour or less, often online — to attract busy individuals who want to contribute but have limited time.

Câu 1. What does volunteering involve?

A. Working for high wages
B. Giving time without financial compensation
C. Investing money in businesses
D. Attending classes for free

Câu 2. Communities with high volunteering rates have ___.

A. higher crime rates
B. weaker economies
C. lower crime rates
D. fewer schools

Câu 3. Regular volunteers have ___.

A. higher rates of depression
B. lower life satisfaction
C. shorter lifespans
D. lower rates of depression

Câu 4. The US volunteer rate in 2023 was ___.

A. 28.8 percent
B. 25.0 percent
C. 23.2 percent
D. 18.5 percent

Câu 5. The word "compensation" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. punishment
B. payment
C. competition
D. education

Câu 6. Micro-volunteering involves ___.

A. large projects lasting months
B. short, flexible tasks of an hour or less
C. full-time unpaid work
D. volunteering only for children

Câu 7. Which is NOT a reason for declining volunteering rates?

A. Longer working hours
B. Rise of the gig economy
C. Government bans on volunteering
D. Perception of large time commitment

Câu 8. Volunteering benefits young people by ___.

A. guaranteeing them jobs
B. developing leadership skills
C. giving them academic degrees
D. paying their tuition

Câu 9. It can be inferred that volunteering ___.

A. is only for retired people
B. benefits both the volunteer and the community
C. is a waste of time
D. is increasing rapidly worldwide

Câu 10. The author's purpose is to ___.

A. criticize people who do not volunteer
B. describe volunteering's benefits and the decline in rates
C. advertise specific volunteer organizations
D. argue that volunteering should be mandatory

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Passage 2: Plastic Pollution in the Oceans

Plastic pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems of the 21st century. An estimated 8 million tonnes of plastic waste enter the world's oceans every year, equivalent to dumping one garbage truck of plastic into the sea every minute. If current trends continue, scientists predict that by 2050, there will be more plastic than fish in the oceans by weight. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch, a massive accumulation of floating debris between Hawaii and California, now covers an area three times the size of France.

The impact on marine life is devastating. Over 800 marine species are affected by plastic pollution, through entanglement, ingestion, or habitat destruction. Sea turtles mistake plastic bags for jellyfish, their natural food source. Seabirds feed plastic fragments to their chicks, causing starvation and internal injuries. Microplastics — particles smaller than five millimeters — have been found in the tissues of fish consumed by humans, raising concerns about the effects on human health. Studies have detected microplastics in human blood, lungs, and even placentas.

Addressing plastic pollution requires action at multiple levels. Governments can ban single-use plastics, impose taxes on packaging, and invest in waste management infrastructure. Companies can redesign products to use less plastic and develop biodegradable alternatives. Individuals can reduce consumption by using reusable bags, bottles, and containers. International cooperation is essential, as plastic pollution does not respect national borders — waste generated in one country can wash up on beaches thousands of kilometers away.

Câu 11. How much plastic enters the oceans annually?

A. About 2 million tonnes
B. About 5 million tonnes
C. About 8 million tonnes
D. About 12 million tonnes

Câu 12. By 2050, there may be more ___ than fish in the oceans.

A. ships
B. plastic
C. seaweed
D. oil

Câu 13. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch covers an area ___ the size of France.

A. equal to
B. twice
C. three times
D. five times

Câu 14. Sea turtles mistake plastic bags for ___.

A. seaweed
B. fish
C. jellyfish
D. coral

Câu 15. Microplastics are particles smaller than ___.

A. one millimeter
B. five millimeters
C. one centimeter
D. five centimeters

Câu 16. The word "ingestion" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. breathing
B. swallowing
C. touching
D. seeing

Câu 17. Where have microplastics been found in humans?

A. Only in the stomach
B. In blood, lungs, and placentas
C. Only in the skin
D. Nowhere in humans

Câu 18. How many marine species are affected by plastic pollution?

A. Over 200
B. Over 400
C. Over 800
D. Over 1,000

Câu 19. Which is NOT a suggested solution in the passage?

A. Banning single-use plastics
B. Using reusable bags
C. Dumping plastic in space
D. Developing biodegradable alternatives

Câu 20. It can be inferred that solving plastic pollution ___.

A. is easy and requires minimal effort
B. requires international cooperation
C. is impossible
D. only depends on individual action

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Passage 3: Early Childhood Education

Early childhood education (ECE) refers to formal learning programs for children between the ages of three and six, before they enter primary school. Research consistently demonstrates that high-quality ECE has profound and lasting effects on children's development. The Perry Preschool Study, which tracked participants for over 40 years, found that children who attended preschool earned 14 percent more as adults, were 20 percent more likely to own a home, and were 46 percent less likely to have been arrested five or more times.

The benefits of ECE extend beyond individual outcomes. Economists estimate that every dollar invested in high-quality early childhood programs yields a return of seven to ten dollars through reduced spending on special education, criminal justice, and social welfare programs. Nobel laureate James Heckman has argued that early childhood investment is the most cost-effective public policy for reducing inequality and boosting economic productivity, because the brain develops most rapidly during the first five years of life.

However, access to quality ECE remains deeply unequal. In the United States, a year of preschool can cost between $10,000 and $15,000, making it unaffordable for many families. Low-income children, who would benefit the most from early education, are the least likely to attend. Countries like Finland and France, which provide universal, publicly-funded preschool, have significantly smaller achievement gaps between wealthy and disadvantaged students. Advocates argue that universal early childhood education should be a public priority, as it addresses inequality at its roots before educational disparities become entrenched.

Câu 21. ECE is for children aged ___.

A. 0 to 2
B. 3 to 6
C. 6 to 10
D. 10 to 14

Câu 22. Perry Preschool Study participants who attended preschool earned ___ more as adults.

A. 10 percent
B. 14 percent
C. 20 percent
D. 30 percent

Câu 23. Every dollar in ECE yields a return of ___.

A. 2 to 3 dollars
B. 4 to 5 dollars
C. 7 to 10 dollars
D. 15 to 20 dollars

Câu 24. The word "entrenched" in the last sentence is closest in meaning to ___.

A. easily changed
B. newly created
C. deeply established and hard to change
D. temporary

Câu 25. James Heckman is a ___.

A. politician
B. teacher
C. Nobel laureate economist
D. doctor

Câu 26. In the US, preschool can cost ___ per year.

A. $2,000 to $5,000
B. $5,000 to $8,000
C. $10,000 to $15,000
D. $20,000 to $30,000

Câu 27. Which countries provide universal public preschool?

A. The US and UK
B. Finland and France
C. Japan and Korea
D. Australia and Canada

Câu 28. Perry Preschool Study participants were ___ less likely to be arrested multiple times.

A. 20 percent
B. 30 percent
C. 46 percent
D. 60 percent

Câu 29. The word "disparities" in the last sentence is closest in meaning to ___.

A. similarities
B. improvements
C. differences or inequalities
D. opportunities

Câu 30. It can be inferred that the author supports ___.

A. eliminating all preschool programs
B. making preschool available only to wealthy families
C. universal access to quality early childhood education
D. delaying education until age 10

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Passage 4: AI and the Future of Work

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence is fundamentally reshaping the global labor market. A 2024 report by the World Economic Forum estimated that AI and automation will displace 85 million jobs worldwide by 2027 but simultaneously create 97 million new roles, resulting in a net gain of 12 million positions. However, this transition will not be smooth: the jobs lost and created will require different skills, be located in different sectors, and may not be accessible to the same workers. The challenge lies not in the total number of jobs but in the mismatch between displaced workers' skills and new job requirements.

Certain occupations are more vulnerable to automation than others. Routine, repetitive tasks — data entry, basic bookkeeping, assembly line work, and simple customer service — are most likely to be automated. Meanwhile, jobs requiring creativity, complex problem-solving, emotional intelligence, and physical dexterity remain difficult for AI to perform. Healthcare workers, teachers, artists, skilled tradespeople, and managers are considered relatively safe from automation. Paradoxically, both the highest-paid and lowest-paid jobs tend to be more resistant to AI replacement, while middle-skill, middle-income positions face the greatest disruption.

Preparing the workforce for this transformation requires fundamental changes in education and training systems. Traditional education models that emphasize memorization and standardized testing must evolve toward developing critical thinking, adaptability, and lifelong learning skills. Governments and employers must invest in reskilling programs that help displaced workers transition to new careers. Some countries have introduced "individual learning accounts" that provide every citizen with funding for continuous education throughout their careers, recognizing that the days of learning a single skill set and using it for a lifetime are over.

The social implications of AI-driven job displacement extend beyond economics. Work provides not only income but also identity, purpose, and social connection. Communities built around specific industries — coal mining towns, manufacturing centers — face existential threats when automation eliminates their economic foundation. Policymakers must address these broader impacts through comprehensive social safety nets, community development programs, and potentially new economic models such as universal basic income.

Câu 31. According to the WEF report, AI will create a net gain of ___ jobs.

A. 5 million
B. 12 million
C. 85 million
D. 97 million

Câu 32. The main challenge of AI-driven job changes is ___.

A. too few total jobs
B. the skills mismatch between old and new jobs
C. workers refusing to use AI
D. governments banning automation

Câu 33. Which type of job is MOST vulnerable to automation?

A. Healthcare worker
B. Data entry clerk
C. Artist
D. Skilled tradesperson

Câu 34. The word "dexterity" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. strength
B. intelligence
C. skillful use of hands
D. speed

Câu 35. Which income level faces the greatest disruption?

A. The highest-paid jobs
B. Middle-skill, middle-income positions
C. The lowest-paid jobs
D. All income levels equally

Câu 36. "Individual learning accounts" provide ___.

A. free housing for workers
B. funding for continuous education
C. guaranteed employment
D. retirement savings

Câu 37. Traditional education must evolve toward ___.

A. more memorization
B. critical thinking and adaptability
C. stricter standardized testing
D. shorter school years

Câu 38. Work provides people with ___.

A. only income
B. income, identity, purpose, and social connection
C. only social status
D. only daily routine

Câu 39. The word "existential" in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. minor
B. financial
C. threatening their very existence
D. temporary

Câu 40. The main message of the passage is that AI ___.

A. will destroy all human jobs
B. creates both opportunities and challenges requiring preparation
C. should be completely stopped
D. only affects developing countries

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Xem đáp án và giải thích chi tiết tại bài tiếp theo.

Đáp án đề Reading VSTEP số 5

Bảng đáp án

Câu	Đáp án	Câu	Đáp án	Câu	Đáp án	Câu	Đáp án
1	B	11	C	21	B	31	B
2	C	12	B	22	B	32	B
3	D	13	C	23	C	33	B
4	C	14	C	24	C	34	C
5	B	15	B	25	C	35	B
6	B	16	B	26	C	36	B
7	C	17	B	27	B	37	B
8	B	18	C	28	C	38	B
9	B	19	C	29	C	39	C
10	B	20	B	30	C	40	B

Giải thích 10 câu khó nhất

Câu 5 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Without financial compensation" — compensation nghĩa là sự đền bù, thanh toán, trả công. Trong ngữ cảnh tình nguyện, "without financial compensation" = không nhận tiền công.

Câu 9 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Inference. Toàn Passage 1 trình bày lợi ích cho cả cộng đồng (giảm tội phạm, kinh tế mạnh hơn) lẫn cá nhân (giảm trầm cảm, sống lâu hơn). Suy ra: tình nguyện có lợi cho cả hai bên.

Câu 16 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Through entanglement, ingestion, or habitat destruction" — ingestion nghĩa là nuốt vào, ăn phải. Rùa biển nuốt túi nhựa, chim biển cho con ăn mảnh nhựa — đều là ingestion.

Câu 20 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Inference. Đoạn cuối Passage 2 nhấn mạnh: "International cooperation is essential, as plastic pollution does not respect national borders." Suy ra: giải quyết ô nhiễm nhựa đòi hỏi hợp tác quốc tế, không thể chỉ dựa vào hành động cá nhân hay một quốc gia.

Câu 24 (Đáp án: C)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Before educational disparities become entrenched" — entrenched nghĩa là bám rễ sâu, khó thay đổi. Tác giả cho rằng cần can thiệp sớm trước khi bất bình đẳng giáo dục trở nên cố hữu.

Câu 29 (Đáp án: C)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Educational disparities" — disparities nghĩa là sự chênh lệch, bất bình đẳng. Trong ngữ cảnh: khoảng cách thành tích giữa học sinh giàu và học sinh nghèo.

Câu 32 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Detail. Câu gốc: "The challenge lies not in the total number of jobs but in the mismatch between displaced workers' skills and new job requirements." Thách thức chính là sự không tương thích kỹ năng.

Câu 34 (Đáp án: C)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Physical dexterity" — dexterity nghĩa là sự khéo léo, khả năng sử dụng tay một cách chính xác và linh hoạt. Đây là kỹ năng mà AI/robot khó thay thế.

Câu 35 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Detail. Câu gốc: "both the highest-paid and lowest-paid jobs tend to be more resistant to AI replacement, while middle-skill, middle-income positions face the greatest disruption." Nhóm thu nhập trung bình chịu ảnh hưởng nặng nhất.

Câu 39 (Đáp án: C)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Face existential threats" — existential nghĩa là đe dọa sự tồn tại, liên quan đến việc có tồn tại được hay không. Các cộng đồng phụ thuộc vào một ngành công nghiệp đối mặt nguy cơ biến mất khi ngành đó bị tự động hóa.

Đề luyện Reading VSTEP số 6 — Thời gian: 60 phút

Đề gồm 4 bài đọc, mỗi bài 10 câu hỏi trắc nghiệm (A, B, C, D). Tổng cộng 40 câu. Hãy hoàn thành trong 60 phút.

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Passage 1: Crowd Psychology

Crowd psychology is the study of how individuals behave differently when they are part of a large group. Gustave Le Bon, a French social psychologist, published his influential work "The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind" in 1895. He argued that individuals in a crowd lose their sense of personal responsibility and become susceptible to emotional contagion, a phenomenon where feelings spread rapidly from person to person like a virus.

Modern research has both supported and challenged Le Bon's ideas. Studies confirm that people in crowds do tend to behave more impulsively and are more easily influenced by others. However, contrary to Le Bon's suggestion that crowds always become irrational and destructive, researchers have found that crowd behavior depends largely on context. Peaceful protests, music festivals, and sporting events demonstrate that crowds can be orderly and cooperative when appropriate social norms are established.

Social media has added a new dimension to crowd psychology. Online communities can form virtual crowds that exhibit similar patterns of emotional contagion and groupthink. The spread of misinformation on platforms like Twitter and Facebook often follows the same principles Le Bon described over a century ago, suggesting that his observations remain relevant in the digital age.

Câu 1. Who wrote "The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind"?

A. Sigmund Freud
B. Gustave Le Bon
C. Carl Jung
D. Jean Piaget

Câu 2. The term "emotional contagion" refers to ___.

A. a disease spread in crowds
B. feelings spreading rapidly among people
C. a type of crowd control
D. a method of psychological treatment

Câu 3. According to modern research, crowd behavior ___.

A. is always destructive
B. depends on context
C. cannot be studied scientifically
D. is identical in all cultures

Câu 4. The word "susceptible" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. resistant
B. vulnerable
C. hostile
D. indifferent

Câu 5. Which example shows that crowds can be orderly?

A. Riots and looting
B. Bank robberies
C. Peaceful protests
D. Traffic accidents

Câu 6. Social media has ___.

A. eliminated crowd psychology
B. made Le Bon's ideas completely outdated
C. added a new dimension to crowd psychology
D. solved the problem of misinformation

Câu 7. The word "groupthink" in paragraph 3 most likely refers to ___.

A. individual critical thinking
B. the tendency to conform to group opinions
C. a type of social media platform
D. a scientific research method

Câu 8. Le Bon's work was published in ___.

A. 1885
B. 1895
C. 1905
D. 1925

Câu 9. It can be inferred that the author believes Le Bon's ideas ___.

A. are completely wrong
B. have no modern relevance
C. are partly valid but need updating
D. should be banned from universities

Câu 10. The main purpose of the passage is to ___.

A. criticize social media companies
B. explain crowd psychology and its modern relevance
C. promote Le Bon's book
D. argue that crowds are always dangerous

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Passage 2: Income Inequality

Income inequality has become one of the most debated economic issues of the 21st century. The Gini coefficient, a statistical measure ranging from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (maximum inequality), shows that inequality has increased in most developed countries since the 1980s. In the United States, the top 1 percent of earners now receive approximately 20 percent of total national income, compared to about 10 percent in 1980.

Several factors contribute to rising inequality. Globalization has allowed companies to move manufacturing jobs to countries with lower labor costs, reducing wages for workers in developed nations. Technological change has increased demand for highly skilled workers while reducing the need for routine manual labor. Additionally, tax policies in many countries have become more favorable to high-income earners, further widening the gap between rich and poor.

The consequences of extreme inequality extend beyond economics. Research has shown that countries with higher inequality tend to have worse health outcomes, higher crime rates, and lower levels of social trust. The economist Joseph Stiglitz argues that excessive inequality undermines democracy itself, as wealthy individuals and corporations gain disproportionate influence over political decisions. Finding the right balance between rewarding economic achievement and ensuring social stability remains one of the great challenges of our time.

Câu 11. What does a Gini coefficient of 0 represent?

A. Maximum inequality
B. Perfect equality
C. Average income
D. Zero economic growth

Câu 12. In the US, the top 1 percent now receive approximately ___ of national income.

A. 10 percent
B. 15 percent
C. 20 percent
D. 30 percent

Câu 13. Which factor does NOT contribute to rising inequality according to the passage?

A. Globalization
B. Technological change
C. Tax policies favoring the wealthy
D. Overpopulation

Câu 14. The word "disproportionate" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. equal and fair
B. excessively large relative to what is appropriate
C. small and insignificant
D. temporary

Câu 15. Globalization has reduced wages in developed countries by ___.

A. increasing taxes
B. moving manufacturing to lower-cost countries
C. reducing the number of universities
D. eliminating all trade

Câu 16. Countries with higher inequality tend to have ___.

A. better education systems
B. higher crime rates
C. stronger democracies
D. more innovation

Câu 17. Joseph Stiglitz argues that excessive inequality ___.

A. is necessary for economic growth
B. only affects developing countries
C. undermines democracy
D. has no political consequences

Câu 18. Income inequality has increased in most developed countries since ___.

A. the 1960s
B. the 1970s
C. the 1980s
D. the 2000s

Câu 19. It can be inferred that the author ___.

A. supports unlimited inequality
B. is concerned about the effects of inequality
C. believes inequality is unavoidable
D. thinks tax policies are unimportant

Câu 20. The passage mainly discusses ___.

A. how to eliminate poverty worldwide
B. the causes and consequences of income inequality
C. the biography of Joseph Stiglitz
D. a comparison of tax systems

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Passage 3: Language Extinction

Of the approximately 7,000 languages spoken worldwide today, linguists estimate that nearly half will disappear by the end of this century. A language is considered endangered when children no longer learn it as their first language. Once the last fluent speakers die, the language becomes extinct, taking with it unique cultural knowledge, oral traditions, and ways of understanding the world that cannot be fully captured in translation.

The causes of language extinction are complex. Colonization historically forced indigenous peoples to abandon their native languages in favor of the colonizer's language. Today, globalization and urbanization continue this trend as speakers of minority languages move to cities where dominant languages are used in education, employment, and media. Many parents choose to raise their children in the dominant language, believing it will give them better economic opportunities.

Efforts to preserve endangered languages have intensified in recent decades. Organizations like UNESCO maintain lists of endangered languages and fund documentation projects. Technology has also played a role: mobile apps, online dictionaries, and video recordings help preserve languages that lack written traditions. In New Zealand, the Maori language has experienced a revival through immersion schools called "kohanga reo" (language nests), where children are educated entirely in Maori from an early age. Such programs demonstrate that language decline can be reversed with sustained community effort and government support.

Câu 21. How many languages are currently spoken worldwide?

A. About 3,500
B. About 5,000
C. About 7,000
D. About 10,000

Câu 22. A language is considered endangered when ___.

A. fewer than 1,000 people speak it
B. children no longer learn it as their first language
C. it is not taught in universities
D. it has no written form

Câu 23. The word "extinct" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. widespread
B. no longer existing
C. recently discovered
D. officially recognized

Câu 24. Which factor contributed to language loss historically?

A. Natural disasters
B. Colonization
C. Climate change
D. Technological failure

Câu 25. Why do some parents choose dominant languages for their children?

A. They dislike their native culture
B. They believe it offers better economic opportunities
C. Dominant languages are easier to learn
D. Schools refuse to teach minority languages

Câu 26. What is a "kohanga reo"?

A. A type of Maori food
B. A Maori immersion school
C. A New Zealand government office
D. A language testing center

Câu 27. Which technology helps preserve endangered languages?

A. Nuclear power plants
B. Mobile apps and online dictionaries
C. Satellite television
D. Printing presses only

Câu 28. The word "immersion" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. partial exposure
B. complete involvement in something
C. physical swimming
D. brief introduction

Câu 29. It can be inferred that language extinction ___.

A. only affects small island nations
B. results in the loss of cultural knowledge
C. is welcomed by most linguists
D. has already been solved

Câu 30. The example of Maori in New Zealand shows that ___.

A. language decline cannot be stopped
B. technology is useless for language preservation
C. language revival is possible with effort and support
D. only European languages can survive

---

Passage 4: Global Migration

International migration has reached unprecedented levels, with approximately 281 million people living outside their country of birth in 2023, according to the United Nations. This represents about 3.6 percent of the world's population. While migration has occurred throughout human history, modern transportation, communication technology, and economic globalization have accelerated the movement of people across borders.

The causes of migration are typically divided into push and pull factors. Push factors include poverty, armed conflict, political persecution, and natural disasters that force people to leave their home countries. Pull factors include better employment opportunities, higher wages, quality education, and political freedom in destination countries. Climate change is emerging as an increasingly important driver of migration, with rising sea levels and extreme weather events displacing millions of people annually.

Migration has significant economic effects on both sending and receiving countries. Receiving countries benefit from a larger labor force and increased cultural diversity, which can drive innovation and economic growth. However, they may also face challenges related to housing, public services, and social integration. Sending countries lose skilled workers through "brain drain" but receive remittances — money sent home by migrants — which totaled $656 billion in 2022 and represent a vital source of income for many developing nations.

The political debate around migration often generates more heat than light. Evidence suggests that the economic impact of migration is generally positive for receiving countries in the long run, though the benefits and costs are not distributed evenly across society. Developing fair and effective migration policies requires moving beyond emotional rhetoric to engage with the complex realities that drive human movement.

Câu 31. How many people lived outside their country of birth in 2023?

A. About 181 million
B. About 231 million
C. About 281 million
D. About 381 million

Câu 32. International migrants represent approximately ___ of the world's population.

A. 1.6 percent
B. 2.6 percent
C. 3.6 percent
D. 5.6 percent

Câu 33. Which is a "push factor" for migration?

A. Higher wages abroad
B. Better education opportunities
C. Armed conflict
D. Political freedom

Câu 34. The word "remittances" in paragraph 3 refers to ___.

A. government aid to developing countries
B. money sent home by migrants
C. taxes paid by immigrants
D. loans from international banks

Câu 35. How much were global remittances in 2022?

A. $456 billion
B. $556 billion
C. $656 billion
D. $756 billion

Câu 36. "Brain drain" refers to ___.

A. mental health problems in migrants
B. the loss of skilled workers from sending countries
C. educational programs for immigrants
D. a type of medical condition

Câu 37. The phrase "generates more heat than light" in paragraph 4 means ___.

A. causes environmental problems
B. produces anger rather than understanding
C. creates energy efficiently
D. improves public knowledge

Câu 38. Climate change drives migration through ___.

A. creating new job opportunities
B. improving transportation
C. rising sea levels and extreme weather
D. reducing cultural barriers

Câu 39. It can be inferred that the author believes migration policy should be ___.

A. based on emotional arguments
B. guided by evidence and complexity
C. focused on stopping all migration
D. left entirely to individual countries

Câu 40. The economic impact of migration on receiving countries is generally ___.

A. entirely negative
B. positive in the long run
C. impossible to measure
D. only beneficial for migrants

---

Xem đáp án và giải thích chi tiết tại bài tiếp theo.

Đáp án đề Reading VSTEP số 6

Bảng đáp án

Câu	Đáp án	Câu	Đáp án	Câu	Đáp án	Câu	Đáp án
1	B	11	B	21	C	31	C
2	B	12	C	22	B	32	C
3	B	13	D	23	B	33	C
4	B	14	B	24	B	34	B
5	C	15	B	25	B	35	C
6	C	16	B	26	B	36	B
7	B	17	C	27	B	37	B
8	B	18	C	28	B	38	C
9	C	19	B	29	B	39	B
10	B	20	B	30	C	40	B

Giải thích 10 câu khó nhất

Câu 4 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Susceptible to emotional contagion" — susceptible nghĩa là dễ bị ảnh hưởng, dễ bị tổn thương (vulnerable). Cá nhân trong đám đông dễ bị lây lan cảm xúc từ người khác.

Câu 7 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Groupthink" — hiện tượng tư duy nhóm, khi mọi người trong nhóm có xu hướng đồng thuận mà không phản biện. Ngữ cảnh nói về cộng đồng mạng có hành vi tương tự đám đông — tức là xu hướng tuân theo ý kiến số đông.

Câu 9 (Đáp án: C)

Dạng: Inference. Tác giả vừa thừa nhận nghiên cứu hiện đại ủng hộ một phần ý tưởng Le Bon ("Studies confirm..."), vừa nêu phản bác ("contrary to Le Bon's suggestion"). Suy ra: ý tưởng của Le Bon có phần đúng nhưng cần cập nhật.

Câu 14 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Disproportionate influence over political decisions" — disproportionate nghĩa là không cân xứng, quá lớn so với mức hợp lý. Người giàu có ảnh hưởng chính trị vượt quá tỷ lệ dân số họ chiếm.

Câu 19 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Inference. Tác giả liệt kê nhiều hậu quả tiêu cực (tội phạm, sức khỏe kém, xói mòn dân chủ) và kết bài bằng "one of the great challenges of our time" — cho thấy sự quan ngại rõ ràng về bất bình đẳng.

Câu 23 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "The language becomes extinct" — extinct nghĩa là tuyệt chủng, không còn tồn tại. Tương tự cách dùng với loài động vật: khi người nói cuối cùng qua đời, ngôn ngữ "chết".

Câu 28 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Immersion schools" — immersion nghĩa là đắm chìm hoàn toàn. Trẻ em học hoàn toàn bằng tiếng Maori, không dùng tiếng Anh — tức là "complete involvement" trong ngôn ngữ đó.

Câu 34 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Receive remittances — money sent home by migrants" — câu gốc đã định nghĩa trực tiếp: remittances = tiền người di cư gửi về nước. Đáp án B đúng nguyên văn.

Câu 37 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Idiom/Figurative Language. "Generates more heat than light" — thành ngữ tiếng Anh, nghĩa là tạo ra nhiều tranh cãi nóng nảy (heat) hơn là sự hiểu biết sáng suốt (light). Tức là: cuộc tranh luận gây giận dữ nhiều hơn là mang lại sự thấu hiểu.

Câu 39 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Inference. Câu cuối: "requires moving beyond emotional rhetoric to engage with the complex realities" — tác giả kêu gọi dựa vào bằng chứng và hiểu biết phức tạp, không dựa vào cảm xúc. Đáp án B (guided by evidence and complexity) phù hợp nhất.

Đề luyện Reading VSTEP số 7 — Thời gian: 60 phút

Đề gồm 4 bài đọc, mỗi bài 10 câu hỏi trắc nghiệm (A, B, C, D). Tổng cộng 40 câu. Hãy hoàn thành trong 60 phút.

---

Passage 1: Cybersecurity Threats

Cybersecurity has become a critical concern for governments, businesses, and individuals alike. In 2023, cybercrime cost the global economy an estimated $8 trillion, a figure projected to reach $10.5 trillion by 2025. The most common forms of cyberattack include phishing, where criminals send deceptive emails to trick victims into revealing passwords or financial information, and ransomware, where malicious software encrypts a victim's files and demands payment for their release.

The healthcare sector has become a particularly attractive target for cybercriminals. Hospitals store vast amounts of sensitive patient data, and their systems often rely on outdated software that is vulnerable to attack. In 2021, a ransomware attack on Ireland's Health Service Executive shut down the country's entire public health system for weeks, delaying surgeries and cancer treatments. The incident highlighted the potentially life-threatening consequences of cyber attacks on critical infrastructure.

Experts recommend a multi-layered approach to cybersecurity. This includes keeping software updated, using strong and unique passwords, enabling two-factor authentication, and training employees to recognize phishing attempts. However, as cybercriminals become more sophisticated, using artificial intelligence to craft convincing fake emails and deepfake voice recordings, the challenge of maintaining digital security continues to grow.

Câu 1. How much did cybercrime cost the global economy in 2023?

A. $5 trillion
B. $8 trillion
C. $10.5 trillion
D. $12 trillion

Câu 2. What is phishing?

A. A type of fishing sport
B. Sending deceptive emails to steal information
C. A software update process
D. An encryption method

Câu 3. Why is the healthcare sector attractive to cybercriminals?

A. Hospitals have the most money
B. They store sensitive data and use outdated software
C. Doctors are easy to deceive
D. Healthcare is unregulated

Câu 4. The ransomware attack on Ireland's health system ___.

A. lasted only a few hours
B. had no significant impact
C. shut down the public health system for weeks
D. affected only one hospital

Câu 5. The word "deceptive" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. honest
B. misleading
C. informative
D. friendly

Câu 6. Which is NOT a recommended cybersecurity measure?

A. Keeping software updated
B. Using strong passwords
C. Sharing passwords with colleagues
D. Enabling two-factor authentication

Câu 7. Cybercriminals now use AI to ___.

A. protect hospital systems
B. craft convincing fake emails
C. train cybersecurity experts
D. develop antivirus software

Câu 8. The word "sophisticated" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. simple
B. advanced and complex
C. old-fashioned
D. friendly

Câu 9. It can be inferred that cybersecurity challenges will ___.

A. disappear within a few years
B. continue to increase
C. only affect large companies
D. be solved by government regulation alone

Câu 10. The main purpose of the passage is to ___.

A. teach readers how to hack
B. describe cybersecurity threats and defenses
C. promote a specific antivirus product
D. criticize the healthcare industry

---

Passage 2: AI in Education

Artificial intelligence is reshaping education in profound ways. Adaptive learning platforms use AI algorithms to analyze student performance in real time, adjusting the difficulty and content of exercises to match each learner's level. This personalized approach means that struggling students receive additional practice on concepts they find difficult, while advanced students are challenged with more complex material. Studies have shown that students using adaptive platforms improve their test scores by 20 to 30 percent compared to traditional classroom instruction alone.

AI-powered language tools have also transformed how students learn foreign languages. Applications like ChatGPT and specialized language tutors can hold conversations with learners, correct their grammar, and provide instant feedback on pronunciation. Unlike human tutors, these tools are available 24 hours a day and can serve millions of students simultaneously, making quality language education accessible to learners in remote areas who previously had no access to native speakers.

However, the integration of AI into education raises concerns about academic integrity and critical thinking. Students may become overly dependent on AI tools, using them to complete assignments without genuine learning. Universities worldwide report increasing cases of students submitting AI-generated essays. There are also worries that AI-driven education could widen the digital divide, as students from wealthier backgrounds have better access to technology. Educators must find ways to harness AI's benefits while preserving the human elements of teaching that inspire curiosity and independent thought.

Câu 11. Adaptive learning platforms work by ___.

A. replacing teachers entirely
B. analyzing student performance and adjusting content
C. providing the same content to all students
D. only teaching advanced students

Câu 12. Students using adaptive platforms improve test scores by ___.

A. 5 to 10 percent
B. 10 to 15 percent
C. 20 to 30 percent
D. 40 to 50 percent

Câu 13. AI language tools can help students in remote areas because ___.

A. they are free of charge
B. they can serve millions of students simultaneously
C. they replace the need for schools
D. they only work offline

Câu 14. The word "harness" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. destroy
B. make use of
C. ignore
D. criticize

Câu 15. A concern about AI in education is that students may ___.

A. learn too much
B. become overly dependent on AI tools
C. refuse to use technology
D. stop attending school entirely

Câu 16. The "digital divide" refers to ___.

A. a type of computer virus
B. the gap between those with and without technology access
C. a mathematical concept
D. the division of AI into categories

Câu 17. Universities report increasing cases of ___.

A. students dropping out
B. AI tools malfunctioning
C. students submitting AI-generated essays
D. teachers refusing to use technology

Câu 18. Unlike human tutors, AI language tools ___.

A. provide better emotional support
B. are available 24 hours a day
C. can only teach one student at a time
D. require no internet connection

Câu 19. It can be inferred that the author ___.

A. wants to ban AI from education
B. sees both benefits and risks of AI in education
C. believes AI will solve all educational problems
D. thinks human teachers are unnecessary

Câu 20. The passage is mainly about ___.

A. the history of education
B. how AI is changing education, with its benefits and concerns
C. why traditional teaching is better than technology
D. a review of specific AI products

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Passage 3: Blockchain Technology

Blockchain technology, originally developed as the underlying system for Bitcoin cryptocurrency, has applications far beyond digital currency. A blockchain is essentially a distributed digital ledger that records transactions across many computers in a way that makes the records virtually impossible to alter retroactively. Each block in the chain contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, a timestamp, and transaction data, creating an unbreakable chain of verified information.

One of the most promising applications of blockchain is in supply chain management. Companies can use blockchain to track products from raw materials to finished goods, creating a transparent and tamper-proof record at every stage. Walmart, for example, uses blockchain to trace the origin of food products within seconds, compared to the days or weeks required by traditional tracking methods. This capability is particularly valuable during food safety recalls, when quickly identifying the source of contamination can prevent illness and save lives.

Blockchain is also being explored for voting systems, land registries, and healthcare records. In developing countries where government records are unreliable or subject to corruption, blockchain could provide a secure and transparent alternative. However, the technology faces significant challenges including high energy consumption, limited processing speed compared to traditional databases, and regulatory uncertainty. Critics argue that blockchain is often promoted as a solution to problems that could be solved more simply with existing technology.

Câu 21. Blockchain was originally developed for ___.

A. supply chain management
B. Bitcoin cryptocurrency
C. government voting systems
D. healthcare records

Câu 22. A blockchain is described as ___.

A. a physical chain of metal links
B. a distributed digital ledger
C. a type of computer virus
D. a government database

Câu 23. Walmart uses blockchain to ___.

A. sell cryptocurrency
B. manage employee schedules
C. trace the origin of food products
D. develop new products

Câu 24. The word "tamper-proof" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. waterproof
B. resistant to unauthorized changes
C. easily modified
D. fireproof

Câu 25. Blockchain could help developing countries by ___.

A. providing free internet access
B. offering secure and transparent records
C. replacing all government institutions
D. eliminating poverty

Câu 26. Which is a challenge facing blockchain technology?

A. It is too easy to hack
B. High energy consumption
C. It only works with Bitcoin
D. It cannot store any data

Câu 27. The word "retroactively" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. looking forward
B. applying to the past
C. temporarily
D. accidentally

Câu 28. Traditional food tracking methods require ___.

A. seconds
B. minutes
C. days or weeks
D. years

Câu 29. Critics of blockchain argue that ___.

A. it should be used for everything
B. it is sometimes an unnecessary complicated solution
C. it is the best technology ever invented
D. it should only be used for Bitcoin

Câu 30. The main purpose of the passage is to ___.

A. convince readers to invest in Bitcoin
B. explain blockchain technology and its applications and limitations
C. argue that blockchain should be banned
D. describe how to create a blockchain

---

Passage 4: Self-Driving Cars

Self-driving cars, also known as autonomous vehicles, represent one of the most significant technological developments in transportation. These vehicles use a combination of sensors, cameras, radar, and artificial intelligence to navigate roads without human intervention. Companies like Waymo, Tesla, and Cruise have invested billions of dollars in developing this technology, and limited self-driving taxi services are already operating in cities like San Francisco and Phoenix.

Proponents argue that autonomous vehicles could dramatically improve road safety. Human error is responsible for approximately 94 percent of traffic accidents, and self-driving cars never get tired, distracted, or drunk. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates that widespread adoption of self-driving technology could save over 30,000 lives per year in the United States alone. Autonomous vehicles could also increase mobility for elderly and disabled individuals who are unable to drive conventional cars.

However, self-driving technology faces substantial obstacles. The vehicles struggle to perform reliably in adverse weather conditions such as heavy rain, snow, or fog, which obscure sensor readings. Edge cases — rare and unexpected situations like a mattress falling off a truck — remain extremely challenging for AI systems to handle. There are also unresolved ethical questions: when an accident is unavoidable, how should the vehicle's AI decide between different harmful outcomes? Legal frameworks for determining liability when autonomous vehicles cause accidents are still being developed in most countries.

Despite these challenges, most industry experts predict that autonomous vehicles will gradually become commonplace over the next two decades, though the transition will likely be slower than early optimists predicted.

Câu 31. Self-driving cars navigate using ___.

A. only GPS
B. sensors, cameras, radar, and AI
C. remote control by humans
D. magnetic tracks in roads

Câu 32. Human error causes approximately ___ of traffic accidents.

A. 50 percent
B. 75 percent
C. 85 percent
D. 94 percent

Câu 33. Self-driving taxi services already operate in ___.

A. every major US city
B. San Francisco and Phoenix
C. Europe only
D. no city yet

Câu 34. The word "adverse" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. favorable
B. normal
C. unfavorable or harmful
D. tropical

Câu 35. An "edge case" is ___.

A. a common traffic situation
B. a rare and unexpected situation
C. a type of road intersection
D. a safety feature in cars

Câu 36. Autonomous vehicles could help ___ people.

A. only wealthy
B. elderly and disabled
C. professional drivers only
D. children under 10

Câu 37. The word "obscure" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. improve
B. block or make unclear
C. enhance
D. reflect

Câu 38. An unresolved ethical question about self-driving cars is ___.

A. whether cars should use gasoline
B. what color they should be
C. how AI should decide in unavoidable accidents
D. whether they need license plates

Câu 39. Most experts predict self-driving cars will become commonplace ___.

A. within 2 years
B. over the next two decades
C. never
D. only in Asia

Câu 40. It can be inferred that the transition to self-driving cars ___.

A. will happen overnight
B. will be gradual and slower than expected
C. has already been completed
D. will only occur in developing countries

---

Xem đáp án và giải thích chi tiết tại bài tiếp theo.

Đáp án đề Reading VSTEP số 7

Bảng đáp án

Câu	Đáp án	Câu	Đáp án	Câu	Đáp án	Câu	Đáp án
1	B	11	B	21	B	31	B
2	B	12	C	22	B	32	D
3	B	13	B	23	C	33	B
4	C	14	B	24	B	34	C
5	B	15	B	25	B	35	B
6	C	16	B	26	B	36	B
7	B	17	C	27	B	37	B
8	B	18	B	28	C	38	C
9	B	19	B	29	B	39	B
10	B	20	B	30	B	40	B

Giải thích 10 câu khó nhất

Câu 5 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Deceptive emails" — deceptive nghĩa là lừa đảo, gây hiểu lầm (misleading). Email phishing được thiết kế để trông như thật nhằm đánh lừa nạn nhân.

Câu 8 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Cybercriminals become more sophisticated" — sophisticated nghĩa là tinh vi, phức tạp, tiên tiến. Tội phạm mạng ngày càng dùng kỹ thuật cao cấp hơn (AI, deepfake).

Câu 9 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Inference. Câu cuối: "the challenge of maintaining digital security continues to grow" — khi tội phạm mạng ngày càng tinh vi, thách thức an ninh mạng sẽ tiếp tục tăng, không giảm.

Câu 14 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Harness AI's benefits" — harness nghĩa là khai thác, tận dụng (make use of). Giáo viên cần tìm cách tận dụng lợi ích của AI thay vì cấm hoàn toàn.

Câu 16 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Digital divide" — khoảng cách số, chỉ sự chênh lệch giữa người có và không có quyền tiếp cận công nghệ. Học sinh giàu có thiết bị tốt hơn, tạo bất bình đẳng giáo dục.

Câu 24 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Tamper-proof record" — tamper-proof nghĩa là chống giả mạo, không thể thay đổi trái phép. Blockchain tạo hồ sơ mà không ai có thể sửa đổi bất hợp pháp.

Câu 27 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Impossible to alter retroactively" — retroactively nghĩa là hồi tố, áp dụng cho quá khứ. Dữ liệu blockchain không thể bị sửa đổi ngược lại sau khi đã ghi.

Câu 29 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Inference. "Blockchain is often promoted as a solution to problems that could be solved more simply" — phê bình rằng blockchain đôi khi là giải pháp phức tạp không cần thiết cho vấn đề đơn giản.

Câu 34 (Đáp án: C)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Adverse weather conditions" — adverse nghĩa là bất lợi, có hại (unfavorable or harmful). Mưa lớn, tuyết, sương mù đều là điều kiện thời tiết bất lợi cho cảm biến xe tự lái.

Câu 37 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Obscure sensor readings" — obscure (động từ) nghĩa là che khuất, làm mờ (block or make unclear). Mưa và sương mù che khuất tín hiệu cảm biến.