Đề luyện Reading VSTEP số 1 — Thời gian: 60 phút

Đề gồm 4 bài đọc, mỗi bài 10 câu hỏi trắc nghiệm (A, B, C, D). Tổng cộng 40 câu. Hãy hoàn thành trong 60 phút.

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Passage 1: The Benefits of Reading

Reading is one of the most valuable habits a person can develop. Research has shown that people who read regularly tend to have better vocabulary, improved concentration, and stronger analytical thinking skills. Reading fiction, in particular, has been linked to increased empathy because readers must imagine themselves in the characters' situations.

In addition to cognitive benefits, reading can reduce stress. A study by the University of Sussex found that reading for just six minutes can reduce stress levels by up to 68 percent. This makes reading more effective at reducing stress than listening to music, drinking tea, or taking a walk. Many doctors now recommend reading as part of a healthy lifestyle, alongside regular exercise and a balanced diet.

Despite these benefits, reading habits have declined in recent years. A survey conducted in 2023 showed that the average adult reads only four books per year, compared to twelve books in 1990. Experts blame smartphones and social media for this decline, as people spend more time scrolling through short content rather than engaging with longer texts.

Câu 1. What is the main idea of the passage?

A. Reading fiction is better than reading non-fiction
B. Reading has many benefits but the habit is declining
C. Smartphones have destroyed the publishing industry
D. Doctors should prescribe books to patients

Câu 2. According to the passage, reading fiction can increase ___.

A. physical strength
B. empathy
C. income
D. memory

Câu 3. The study by the University of Sussex found that reading can ___.

A. improve eyesight by 68 percent
B. reduce stress levels significantly
C. replace the need for exercise
D. cure anxiety disorders

Câu 4. The word "This" in paragraph 2 refers to ___.

A. the University of Sussex
B. drinking tea
C. the stress-reducing effect of reading
D. listening to music

Câu 5. How many books did the average adult read per year in 1990?

A. Four
B. Six
C. Eight
D. Twelve

Câu 6. The word "engaging" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. fighting
B. interacting
C. competing
D. disagreeing

Câu 7. What do experts blame for the decline in reading?

A. Expensive book prices
B. Poor education systems
C. Smartphones and social media
D. Lack of public libraries

Câu 8. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a benefit of reading?

A. Better vocabulary
B. Improved concentration
C. Higher salary
D. Stronger analytical thinking

Câu 9. It can be inferred that the author ___.

A. dislikes technology
B. believes reading is important
C. thinks books will disappear
D. prefers audiobooks to print

Câu 10. Which activity is LESS effective at reducing stress than reading?

A. Taking medication
B. Listening to music
C. Running a marathon
D. Practicing yoga

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Passage 2: Urban Farming

Urban farming is the practice of growing food in cities and towns. As the world's population becomes increasingly urban, with over 55 percent of people now living in cities, urban farming has gained attention as a way to improve food security and reduce the environmental impact of transporting food long distances.

There are several forms of urban farming. Rooftop gardens use the flat roofs of buildings to grow vegetables and herbs. Vertical farms grow crops in stacked layers inside buildings, using artificial lighting and controlled environments. Community gardens allow residents to share plots of land for growing their own food. Each method has its advantages: rooftop gardens help insulate buildings, vertical farms produce food year-round, and community gardens strengthen social bonds among neighbors.

However, urban farming faces significant challenges. Land in cities is expensive, making it difficult to find affordable space for farming. Water supply can be limited, and soil in urban areas may be contaminated with heavy metals. Critics also argue that urban farms cannot produce enough food to significantly reduce a city's dependence on rural agriculture. Despite these limitations, supporters believe urban farming plays an important role in creating more sustainable and resilient cities.

Câu 11. What is urban farming?

A. Farming in rural areas near cities
B. Growing food in cities and towns
C. Importing food from the countryside
D. Building farms on highways

Câu 12. According to the passage, what percentage of people live in cities?

A. Over 45 percent
B. Over 55 percent
C. Over 65 percent
D. Over 75 percent

Câu 13. Which type of urban farming uses artificial lighting?

A. Rooftop gardens
B. Community gardens
C. Vertical farms
D. Traditional farms

Câu 14. The word "insulate" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. decorate
B. protect from temperature changes
C. demolish
D. paint

Câu 15. What advantage do community gardens have?

A. They produce food year-round
B. They help insulate buildings
C. They strengthen social bonds
D. They use artificial lighting

Câu 16. Which is NOT a challenge of urban farming mentioned in the passage?

A. Expensive land
B. Limited water supply
C. Contaminated soil
D. Lack of sunlight everywhere

Câu 17. The word "resilient" in the last sentence is closest in meaning to ___.

A. beautiful
B. able to recover from difficulties
C. wealthy
D. traditional

Câu 18. Critics of urban farming argue that ___.

A. it uses too much water
B. it cannot replace rural agriculture significantly
C. it is too dangerous for residents
D. it causes air pollution

Câu 19. It can be inferred that the author's attitude toward urban farming is ___.

A. completely negative
B. cautiously positive
C. strongly opposed
D. indifferent

Câu 20. The main purpose of the passage is to ___.

A. convince readers to start urban farms
B. describe urban farming, its benefits and challenges
C. criticize governments for ignoring farming
D. compare urban and rural lifestyles

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Passage 3: The Science of Sleep

Sleep is essential for human health, yet millions of people worldwide suffer from sleep deprivation. The National Sleep Foundation recommends that adults get between seven and nine hours of sleep per night, but studies show that nearly one-third of adults regularly sleep less than six hours. This chronic lack of sleep has been linked to serious health problems including heart disease, diabetes, obesity, and depression.

During sleep, the body undergoes several critical processes. The brain consolidates memories, transferring information from short-term to long-term storage. The immune system produces cytokines, proteins that help fight infection and inflammation. Growth hormone is released, which is essential for tissue repair and muscle development. Without adequate sleep, these processes are disrupted, leaving the body vulnerable to illness and cognitive decline.

The quality of sleep matters as much as the quantity. Sleep occurs in cycles of approximately 90 minutes, alternating between non-REM and REM stages. Deep sleep, which occurs primarily during the first half of the night, is crucial for physical restoration. REM sleep, which increases during the second half, is important for emotional regulation and creative thinking. Interruptions to these cycles, whether from noise, light, or electronic devices, can significantly reduce sleep quality even if the total hours spent in bed appear sufficient.

Researchers have identified several strategies for improving sleep quality. Maintaining a consistent sleep schedule, even on weekends, helps regulate the body's internal clock. Avoiding caffeine after 2 PM and limiting screen time before bed can also improve sleep onset. Creating a dark, cool, and quiet sleeping environment signals the brain that it is time to rest.

Câu 21. According to the National Sleep Foundation, adults should sleep ___.

A. exactly eight hours
B. between seven and nine hours
C. at least ten hours
D. no more than six hours

Câu 22. What fraction of adults regularly sleep less than six hours?

A. One-quarter
B. One-third
C. One-half
D. Two-thirds

Câu 23. The word "consolidates" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. erases
B. strengthens and combines
C. creates from nothing
D. forgets

Câu 24. Which health problem is NOT linked to sleep deprivation in the passage?

A. Heart disease
B. Diabetes
C. Cancer
D. Depression

Câu 25. During sleep, the immune system produces ___.

A. red blood cells
B. cytokines
C. adrenaline
D. insulin

Câu 26. Deep sleep is most important for ___.

A. emotional regulation
B. creative thinking
C. physical restoration
D. dream formation

Câu 27. REM sleep increases during ___.

A. the first hour of sleep
B. the first half of the night
C. the second half of the night
D. afternoon naps only

Câu 28. Each sleep cycle lasts approximately ___.

A. 30 minutes
B. 60 minutes
C. 90 minutes
D. 120 minutes

Câu 29. Which strategy for better sleep is mentioned in the passage?

A. Exercising vigorously before bed
B. Drinking warm milk
C. Maintaining a consistent sleep schedule
D. Sleeping in a warm room

Câu 30. It can be inferred that someone who sleeps eight hours but is frequently woken up ___.

A. still gets excellent quality sleep
B. may have poor sleep quality despite adequate hours
C. should take sleeping pills
D. does not need to worry about sleep cycles

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Passage 4: Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare

Artificial intelligence is transforming healthcare in ways that were unimaginable just a decade ago. Machine learning algorithms can now analyze medical images with accuracy that rivals or exceeds that of experienced radiologists. In 2024, a study published in Nature Medicine demonstrated that an AI system could detect breast cancer in mammograms with 94.5 percent accuracy, compared to 88 percent for human radiologists. This technology promises to improve early detection rates, particularly in regions where trained specialists are scarce.

Beyond diagnostics, AI is being used to accelerate drug discovery. Traditional drug development takes an average of 12 to 15 years and costs billions of dollars. AI-powered platforms can analyze vast databases of molecular structures to identify promising drug candidates in months rather than years. During the COVID-19 pandemic, AI helped researchers identify potential antiviral compounds within weeks, dramatically shortening the initial screening phase. However, clinical trials and regulatory approval still require years of careful testing.

The integration of AI into healthcare raises important ethical concerns. Questions about data privacy are paramount, as AI systems require access to large volumes of patient medical records to function effectively. There is also the issue of algorithmic bias: if AI models are trained primarily on data from certain demographic groups, they may perform poorly for underrepresented populations. Furthermore, the question of liability remains unresolved — when an AI system makes an incorrect diagnosis, it is unclear whether responsibility lies with the developer, the hospital, or the treating physician.

Despite these challenges, the potential benefits of AI in healthcare are substantial. Experts predict that AI will not replace doctors but rather augment their capabilities, allowing them to make faster and more accurate decisions. The key lies in developing robust regulatory frameworks that ensure patient safety while encouraging innovation.

Câu 31. What is the main topic of the passage?

A. The history of medical technology
B. AI applications and challenges in healthcare
C. Why AI will replace all doctors
D. The cost of healthcare worldwide

Câu 32. According to the study in Nature Medicine, the AI system detected breast cancer with ___ accuracy.

A. 88 percent
B. 90 percent
C. 94.5 percent
D. 99 percent

Câu 33. Traditional drug development takes an average of ___.

A. 5 to 8 years
B. 8 to 10 years
C. 12 to 15 years
D. 15 to 20 years

Câu 34. The word "augment" in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to ___.

A. replace
B. enhance
C. reduce
D. complicate

Câu 35. During the COVID-19 pandemic, AI helped ___.

A. develop a vaccine in one week
B. identify potential antiviral compounds quickly
C. eliminate the virus completely
D. replace hospital staff

Câu 36. What is algorithmic bias?

A. When AI systems cost too much money
B. When AI models perform poorly for underrepresented groups
C. When doctors refuse to use AI
D. When patients distrust technology

Câu 37. The word "paramount" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. unimportant
B. of the greatest importance
C. controversial
D. simple

Câu 38. Who might be responsible when AI makes an incorrect diagnosis?

A. Only the patient
B. The developer, hospital, or physician
C. The government exclusively
D. No one, according to the passage

Câu 39. It can be inferred that AI in healthcare ___.

A. is already perfect and needs no improvement
B. has both great potential and significant risks
C. should be banned until all problems are solved
D. is only useful in wealthy countries

Câu 40. Experts predict that AI will ___.

A. completely replace doctors within five years
B. make healthcare free for everyone
C. help doctors make better decisions
D. eliminate all diseases

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Xem đáp án và giải thích chi tiết tại bài tiếp theo.

Đáp án đề Reading VSTEP số 1

Bảng đáp án

Câu	Đáp án	Câu	Đáp án	Câu	Đáp án	Câu	Đáp án
1	B	11	B	21	B	31	B
2	B	12	B	22	B	32	C
3	B	13	C	23	B	33	C
4	C	14	B	24	C	34	B
5	D	15	C	25	B	35	B
6	B	16	D	26	C	36	B
7	C	17	B	27	C	37	B
8	C	18	B	28	C	38	B
9	B	19	B	29	C	39	B
10	B	20	B	30	B	40	C

Giải thích 10 câu khó nhất

Câu 4 (Đáp án: C)

Dạng: Reference. "This" chỉ lại nội dung câu trước: "reading for just six minutes can reduce stress levels by up to 68 percent" — tức là hiệu quả giảm stress của việc đọc sách. Không phải trường đại học (A), uống trà (B) hay nghe nhạc (D).

Câu 9 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Inference. Toàn bài liệt kê nhiều lợi ích của đọc sách và bày tỏ lo ngại khi thói quen đọc giảm sút. Tác giả không ghét công nghệ (A), không nói sách sẽ biến mất (C), cũng không đề cập audiobook (D).

Câu 10 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Detail. Passage 1 nêu rõ: reading hiệu quả hơn "listening to music, drinking tea, or taking a walk" trong giảm stress. Trong 4 đáp án, chỉ có "listening to music" (B) được nhắc đến trong bài.

Câu 14 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Rooftop gardens help insulate buildings" — trong ngữ cảnh xây dựng, insulate nghĩa là cách nhiệt, giữ cho tòa nhà không bị ảnh hưởng bởi thay đổi nhiệt độ bên ngoài.

Câu 17 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Resilient cities" — resilient nghĩa là có khả năng phục hồi sau khó khăn, thiên tai. Không liên quan đến đẹp (A), giàu (C) hay truyền thống (D).

Câu 19 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Inference. Tác giả trình bày cả lợi ích lẫn hạn chế của urban farming, nhưng kết bài vẫn nêu "supporters believe urban farming plays an important role" — cho thấy thái độ tích cực nhưng có thận trọng (cautiously positive).

Câu 23 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "The brain consolidates memories" — consolidate nghĩa là củng cố, kết hợp lại cho vững chắc hơn. Transferring from short-term to long-term storage là cách giải thích consolidate trong câu tiếp theo.

Câu 30 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Inference. Passage 3 nêu rõ: "Interruptions to these cycles... can significantly reduce sleep quality even if the total hours spent in bed appear sufficient." Vậy ngủ 8 tiếng nhưng bị thức dậy liên tục vẫn có chất lượng giấc ngủ kém.

Câu 37 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Questions about data privacy are paramount" — paramount nghĩa là quan trọng nhất, hàng đầu. Ngữ cảnh cho thấy đây là mối quan ngại lớn nhất khi triển khai AI.

Câu 39 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Inference. Passage 4 trình bày cả tiềm năng lớn (phát hiện ung thư, tăng tốc phát triển thuốc) lẫn rủi ro đáng kể (bias, privacy, liability). Tác giả kết luận "potential benefits are substantial" nhưng cần "robust regulatory frameworks" — cho thấy AI vừa có tiềm năng vừa có rủi ro.

Đề luyện Reading VSTEP số 2 — Thời gian: 60 phút

Đề gồm 4 bài đọc, mỗi bài 10 câu hỏi trắc nghiệm (A, B, C, D). Tổng cộng 40 câu. Hãy hoàn thành trong 60 phút.

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Passage 1: Ecotourism

Ecotourism is a form of travel that focuses on visiting natural areas while minimizing environmental impact. Unlike mass tourism, which often damages ecosystems through pollution and overdevelopment, ecotourism aims to preserve natural habitats and support local communities. Travelers who choose ecotourism typically stay in small, locally-owned accommodations and participate in activities such as wildlife observation, hiking, and cultural exchanges.

The economic benefits of ecotourism can be significant. In Costa Rica, ecotourism generates over $3 billion annually and employs thousands of local residents. Money spent by ecotourists goes directly to conservation projects and community development programs. This creates a financial incentive for local people to protect their natural resources rather than exploit them through logging or mining.

However, ecotourism is not without problems. Some destinations have become victims of their own success, attracting so many visitors that the natural environment suffers. The Galapagos Islands, for example, now limit the number of tourists allowed to visit each year. Critics also point out that flying to distant ecotourism destinations produces carbon emissions that offset the environmental benefits of the trip itself.

Câu 1. What is ecotourism?

A. Luxury travel to expensive resorts
B. Travel that minimizes environmental impact
C. Business travel for environmental conferences
D. Online virtual tours of nature

Câu 2. How much does ecotourism generate annually in Costa Rica?

A. Over $1 billion
B. Over $2 billion
C. Over $3 billion
D. Over $5 billion

Câu 3. The word "incentive" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. punishment
B. motivation
C. obstacle
D. tradition

Câu 4. Why do the Galapagos Islands limit tourist numbers?

A. Because hotels are fully booked
B. Because too many visitors harm the environment
C. Because the government dislikes tourists
D. Because transportation is too expensive

Câu 5. Which is NOT an ecotourism activity mentioned in the passage?

A. Wildlife observation
B. Hiking
C. Scuba diving
D. Cultural exchanges

Câu 6. The word "exploit" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. protect carefully
B. use selfishly for profit
C. study scientifically
D. admire from a distance

Câu 7. Critics argue that ecotourism can be harmful because ___.

A. local people dislike tourists
B. flying to destinations produces carbon emissions
C. accommodations are too uncomfortable
D. wildlife attacks tourists

Câu 8. Where does money from ecotourism go?

A. To international hotel chains
B. To conservation and community development
C. To the national government only
D. To airline companies

Câu 9. It can be inferred that mass tourism ___.

A. is always better than ecotourism
B. often causes environmental damage
C. supports local communities more than ecotourism
D. is cheaper than ecotourism

Câu 10. The author's purpose is to ___.

A. convince readers to stop traveling
B. explain ecotourism with its benefits and drawbacks
C. advertise Costa Rica as a travel destination
D. argue that all tourism should be banned

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Passage 2: Solar Energy

Solar energy has become one of the fastest-growing sources of electricity worldwide. The cost of solar panels has dropped by over 80 percent since 2010, making solar power competitive with fossil fuels in many regions. In 2025, solar energy accounted for approximately 5 percent of global electricity generation, up from less than 1 percent in 2015.

Solar power works by converting sunlight into electricity through photovoltaic cells. These cells are typically made from silicon, a material abundantly found in sand. When sunlight hits the silicon, it causes electrons to move, creating an electric current. Modern solar panels can convert about 20 to 25 percent of the sunlight they receive into usable electricity, a significant improvement from the 6 percent efficiency of early models in the 1950s.

One major challenge facing solar energy is intermittency — the sun does not shine at night, and cloudy weather reduces output. Battery storage technology is improving rapidly to address this problem, but current batteries remain expensive and have limited lifespans. Another issue is the amount of land required for large solar farms. A solar farm producing the same amount of electricity as a typical nuclear power plant needs approximately 75 times more land. Despite these challenges, investment in solar energy continues to grow as countries seek to reduce their carbon emissions and combat climate change.

Câu 11. By how much have solar panel costs dropped since 2010?

A. Over 50 percent
B. Over 60 percent
C. Over 70 percent
D. Over 80 percent

Câu 12. What material are photovoltaic cells typically made from?

A. Copper
B. Silicon
C. Aluminum
D. Iron

Câu 13. Modern solar panels convert about ___ of sunlight into electricity.

A. 6 percent
B. 10 to 15 percent
C. 20 to 25 percent
D. 40 to 50 percent

Câu 14. The word "intermittency" in paragraph 3 refers to ___.

A. high cost of production
B. inconsistent availability of sunlight
C. damage to the environment
D. difficulty of installation

Câu 15. A solar farm needs ___ more land than a nuclear power plant for the same output.

A. 25 times
B. 50 times
C. 75 times
D. 100 times

Câu 16. What percentage of global electricity did solar provide in 2025?

A. About 1 percent
B. About 3 percent
C. About 5 percent
D. About 10 percent

Câu 17. Which is NOT a challenge of solar energy mentioned in the passage?

A. The sun does not shine at night
B. Batteries are expensive
C. Solar panels produce toxic waste
D. Large land area is required

Câu 18. Early solar panels in the 1950s had ___ efficiency.

A. 2 percent
B. 6 percent
C. 10 percent
D. 15 percent

Câu 19. Countries invest in solar energy mainly to ___.

A. create jobs in manufacturing
B. reduce carbon emissions
C. replace all nuclear power plants
D. lower the price of silicon

Câu 20. It can be inferred that solar energy ___.

A. will completely replace fossil fuels by 2030
B. is growing despite having some limitations
C. is too expensive for developing countries
D. works best in cold climates

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Passage 3: The Psychology of Procrastination

Procrastination — the act of delaying tasks despite knowing that the delay will have negative consequences — affects an estimated 20 percent of adults chronically. Psychologists have long debated why people procrastinate, and recent research suggests that procrastination is not primarily a time management problem but rather an emotional regulation issue. People procrastinate to avoid negative emotions associated with a task, such as boredom, anxiety, or fear of failure.

Dr. Timothy Pychyl, a leading researcher on procrastination at Carleton University, explains that procrastination provides immediate mood relief. When we postpone a dreaded task, we feel temporary relief from the negative emotions it triggers. However, this relief comes at a cost: as the deadline approaches, anxiety increases, and the procrastinator often ends up completing the task under extreme pressure, producing lower-quality work. This creates a vicious cycle — poor results reinforce the negative feelings associated with the task, making future procrastination more likely.

Several evidence-based strategies can help overcome procrastination. The "two-minute rule" suggests that if a task takes less than two minutes, one should do it immediately rather than scheduling it for later. Breaking larger tasks into smaller, manageable steps reduces the emotional weight of the project. Setting implementation intentions — specific plans about when, where, and how to complete a task — has been shown to increase follow-through by up to 40 percent. Self-compassion, rather than self-criticism, also helps: research shows that people who forgive themselves for past procrastination are less likely to procrastinate in the future.

Câu 21. What percentage of adults are chronic procrastinators?

A. 10 percent
B. 20 percent
C. 30 percent
D. 50 percent

Câu 22. According to recent research, procrastination is primarily a problem of ___.

A. time management
B. intelligence
C. emotional regulation
D. physical health

Câu 23. The word "dreaded" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. exciting
B. feared
C. enjoyable
D. simple

Câu 24. What happens when procrastinators complete tasks under pressure?

A. They produce excellent work
B. They feel completely relaxed
C. They often produce lower-quality work
D. They always miss the deadline

Câu 25. Dr. Pychyl works at ___.

A. Harvard University
B. Oxford University
C. Carleton University
D. Stanford University

Câu 26. The "two-minute rule" suggests ___.

A. working for only two minutes a day
B. doing quick tasks immediately
C. taking two-minute breaks every hour
D. scheduling all tasks for two minutes

Câu 27. Implementation intentions can increase follow-through by up to ___.

A. 20 percent
B. 30 percent
C. 40 percent
D. 50 percent

Câu 28. The word "vicious" in "vicious cycle" is closest in meaning to ___.

A. virtuous
B. harmful and self-reinforcing
C. simple
D. accidental

Câu 29. Which strategy is NOT mentioned for overcoming procrastination?

A. Breaking tasks into smaller steps
B. Self-compassion
C. Rewarding yourself with money
D. Setting implementation intentions

Câu 30. It can be inferred that self-criticism ___.

A. helps people stop procrastinating
B. may actually increase procrastination
C. is the best motivation strategy
D. has no effect on behavior

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Passage 4: Globalization and Cultural Identity

Globalization has connected the world's economies, cultures, and populations in unprecedented ways. International trade has lifted hundreds of millions of people out of poverty, and technological advances have made it possible to communicate instantly across continents. However, critics argue that globalization threatens cultural diversity by promoting a homogeneous global culture dominated by Western, particularly American, values and consumer habits.

The concept of cultural homogenization suggests that as global brands, media, and entertainment spread worldwide, local cultures lose their distinctiveness. Young people in Tokyo, Lagos, and São Paulo may wear the same brands, watch the same streaming services, and listen to the same music. Languages are also at risk: UNESCO estimates that a language dies every two weeks, and by 2100, approximately half of the world's 7,000 languages may have disappeared. When a language dies, the unique worldview and knowledge system it carries are lost forever.

However, some scholars argue that the relationship between globalization and culture is more complex than simple homogenization. The concept of "glocalization" describes how global products and ideas are adapted to fit local contexts. McDonald's serves rice dishes in Asia and halal meat in Muslim-majority countries. K-pop, originally influenced by American pop music, has evolved into a distinctly Korean cultural export that is now reshaping global music trends. These examples suggest that cultural exchange is not a one-way process but rather a dynamic interaction in which local cultures actively transform global influences.

The challenge lies in balancing the economic benefits of globalization with the preservation of cultural heritage. Governments and communities must invest in language education, traditional arts, and cultural institutions while remaining open to the opportunities that global connection provides. Cultural identity is not fixed; it evolves through contact with others, and this evolution can be enriching rather than threatening if managed thoughtfully.

Câu 31. What is the main topic of the passage?

A. The history of international trade
B. The relationship between globalization and cultural identity
C. Why Western culture is superior
D. How to start a global business

Câu 32. According to UNESCO, how often does a language die?

A. Every day
B. Every week
C. Every two weeks
D. Every month

Câu 33. The word "homogeneous" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. diverse and varied
B. uniform and similar
C. ancient and traditional
D. modern and advanced

Câu 34. What does "glocalization" mean?

A. Rejecting all global influences
B. Adapting global products to fit local contexts
C. Forcing local cultures to change
D. Closing borders to foreign trade

Câu 35. K-pop is used as an example of ___.

A. cultural homogenization
B. the failure of Asian music
C. local culture transforming global influences
D. American dominance in music

Câu 36. How many languages exist worldwide, according to the passage?

A. About 3,000
B. About 5,000
C. About 7,000
D. About 10,000

Câu 37. The word "distinctiveness" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. popularity
B. uniqueness
C. weakness
D. beauty

Câu 38. What should governments invest in to preserve cultural heritage?

A. Military technology
B. Language education and traditional arts
C. International airports
D. Social media platforms

Câu 39. The author believes that cultural evolution through globalization ___.

A. is always harmful
B. should be completely stopped
C. can be enriching if managed well
D. only benefits wealthy nations

Câu 40. It can be inferred from the passage that ___.

A. globalization will eventually destroy all local cultures
B. cultural exchange is a complex, two-way process
C. only Western countries benefit from globalization
D. technology plays no role in cultural change

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Xem đáp án và giải thích chi tiết tại bài tiếp theo.

Đáp án đề Reading VSTEP số 2

Bảng đáp án

Câu	Đáp án	Câu	Đáp án	Câu	Đáp án	Câu	Đáp án
1	B	11	D	21	B	31	B
2	C	12	B	22	C	32	C
3	B	13	C	23	B	33	B
4	B	14	B	24	C	34	B
5	C	15	C	25	C	35	C
6	B	16	C	26	B	36	C
7	B	17	C	27	C	37	B
8	B	18	B	28	B	38	B
9	B	19	B	29	C	39	C
10	B	20	B	30	B	40	B

Giải thích 10 câu khó nhất

Câu 3 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Incentive" nghĩa là động lực, lý do thúc đẩy hành động. Câu gốc: tạo incentive cho người dân bảo vệ tài nguyên thay vì khai thác — tức là tạo động lực kinh tế.

Câu 6 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Exploit" trong ngữ cảnh "exploit through logging or mining" nghĩa là khai thác một cách ích kỷ vì lợi nhuận, không quan tâm đến hậu quả lâu dài.

Câu 9 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Inference. Passage 1 đối lập mass tourism (gây hại) với ecotourism (bảo vệ). Từ đó suy ra mass tourism thường gây thiệt hại môi trường. Không có thông tin nào nói mass tourism "luôn tốt hơn" hay "rẻ hơn".

Câu 14 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Intermittency" — tính không liên tục, gián đoạn. Câu sau giải thích: "the sun does not shine at night, and cloudy weather reduces output" — xác nhận intermittency = nguồn cung ánh sáng không ổn định.

Câu 20 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Inference. Toàn Passage 2 cho thấy solar energy đang tăng trưởng mạnh (chi phí giảm 80%, tỷ trọng tăng) dù có hạn chế (intermittency, diện tích). Kết luận: "growing despite limitations" là chính xác nhất.

Câu 22 (Đáp án: C)

Dạng: Detail. Câu gốc: "procrastination is not primarily a time management problem but rather an emotional regulation issue." Đáp án C đúng vì trích dẫn chính xác "emotional regulation".

Câu 28 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Vicious cycle" — vòng xoáy tiêu cực, tự củng cố. Kết quả kém → cảm xúc tiêu cực → trì hoãn thêm → kết quả kém hơn. "Harmful and self-reinforcing" mô tả chính xác nghĩa này.

Câu 30 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Inference. Passage nêu: "Self-compassion, rather than self-criticism, helps" và "people who forgive themselves are less likely to procrastinate." Suy ra ngược lại: tự chỉ trích (self-criticism) có thể làm tăng xu hướng trì hoãn.

Câu 33 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Homogeneous global culture" — đồng nhất, giống nhau. Ngữ cảnh: người trẻ ở Tokyo, Lagos, São Paulo mặc cùng thương hiệu, xem cùng nội dung — tất cả giống nhau = uniform and similar.

Câu 35 (Đáp án: C)

Dạng: Detail/Inference. K-pop được dùng làm ví dụ cho "glocalization" — ban đầu chịu ảnh hưởng nhạc Mỹ nhưng đã phát triển thành sản phẩm văn hóa Hàn Quốc riêng biệt, giờ đang định hình lại xu hướng âm nhạc toàn cầu. Đây là ví dụ về văn hóa địa phương biến đổi ảnh hưởng toàn cầu.

Đề luyện Reading VSTEP số 3 — Thời gian: 60 phút

Đề gồm 4 bài đọc, mỗi bài 10 câu hỏi trắc nghiệm (A, B, C, D). Tổng cộng 40 câu. Hãy hoàn thành trong 60 phút.

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Passage 1: Online Education

Online education has grown dramatically since 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic forced schools and universities worldwide to shift to remote learning. Before the pandemic, only about 15 percent of university students had taken an online course. By 2023, that figure had risen to over 40 percent. Many institutions now offer hybrid models that combine in-person and online instruction.

Supporters of online education point to its flexibility and accessibility. Students can learn at their own pace, review recorded lectures, and attend classes from anywhere with an internet connection. Online programs are often less expensive than traditional ones because they eliminate costs such as transportation, housing, and physical classroom maintenance. For working adults and parents, online education makes it possible to earn a degree without giving up their jobs or family responsibilities.

Critics, however, argue that online learning lacks the social interaction and hands-on experience that traditional classrooms provide. Studies have shown that completion rates for online courses are significantly lower than for in-person courses, with some programs reporting dropout rates as high as 90 percent. Students also report feeling isolated and struggling with motivation when learning alone at home. The digital divide remains a concern, as students in rural areas or developing countries may lack reliable internet access.

Câu 1. Before the pandemic, what percentage of university students had taken an online course?

A. About 5 percent
B. About 15 percent
C. About 25 percent
D. About 40 percent

Câu 2. The word "hybrid" in paragraph 1 refers to ___.

A. only online classes
B. only in-person classes
C. a combination of online and in-person
D. self-study without teachers

Câu 3. Which is NOT mentioned as an advantage of online education?

A. Flexibility
B. Lower cost
C. Better exam scores
D. Accessibility

Câu 4. Some online programs have dropout rates as high as ___.

A. 50 percent
B. 70 percent
C. 80 percent
D. 90 percent

Câu 5. The "digital divide" refers to ___.

A. disagreements about technology in education
B. unequal access to internet and technology
C. the gap between online and offline prices
D. competition between tech companies

Câu 6. What do critics say about online learning?

A. It is too expensive for students
B. It lacks social interaction
C. It requires too much travel
D. It is only suitable for children

Câu 7. By 2023, online course participation rose to over ___.

A. 20 percent
B. 30 percent
C. 40 percent
D. 50 percent

Câu 8. Online education especially benefits ___.

A. children under five years old
B. working adults and parents
C. professional athletes
D. retired people only

Câu 9. It can be inferred that completion rates for online courses ___.

A. are higher than traditional courses
B. are a significant problem
C. do not matter to educators
D. are improving rapidly

Câu 10. The author's attitude toward online education is ___.

A. entirely supportive
B. balanced, presenting both sides
C. completely negative
D. uninterested

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Passage 2: The Global Water Crisis

Access to clean water is one of the most pressing challenges facing humanity. According to the United Nations, approximately 2 billion people worldwide lack access to safely managed drinking water. In sub-Saharan Africa, only 30 percent of the population has access to clean water, forcing millions to walk long distances to collect water from rivers and wells that may be contaminated.

The water crisis is driven by several factors. Population growth increases demand, while climate change alters rainfall patterns and causes droughts in previously water-rich regions. Industrial pollution and agricultural runoff contaminate freshwater sources, making them unsafe for drinking. Aging infrastructure in many countries leads to significant water loss through leaking pipes — in some cities, up to 40 percent of treated water is lost before reaching consumers.

Solutions exist but require significant investment. Desalination plants convert seawater into freshwater, but the process is energy-intensive and expensive. Water recycling systems can treat wastewater for reuse in agriculture and industry. Simple technologies like rainwater harvesting and drip irrigation can dramatically improve water efficiency in farming. Experts agree that addressing the water crisis requires a combination of technological innovation, infrastructure investment, and changes in how societies value and manage water resources.

Câu 11. How many people lack access to safe drinking water?

A. About 1 billion
B. About 2 billion
C. About 3 billion
D. About 4 billion

Câu 12. In sub-Saharan Africa, what percentage has access to clean water?

A. 10 percent
B. 20 percent
C. 30 percent
D. 50 percent

Câu 13. The word "runoff" in paragraph 2 refers to ___.

A. water that flows over land carrying pollutants
B. athletes who run on farms
C. water that evaporates quickly
D. clean water from rivers

Câu 14. How much treated water is lost through leaking pipes in some cities?

A. Up to 10 percent
B. Up to 20 percent
C. Up to 30 percent
D. Up to 40 percent

Câu 15. What is a disadvantage of desalination?

A. It produces toxic water
B. It is energy-intensive and expensive
C. It only works in cold climates
D. It requires ocean access only

Câu 16. Which is NOT mentioned as a cause of the water crisis?

A. Population growth
B. Climate change
C. Volcanic eruptions
D. Industrial pollution

Câu 17. Drip irrigation helps ___.

A. desalinate seawater
B. improve water efficiency in farming
C. clean polluted rivers
D. repair aging pipes

Câu 18. The word "pressing" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. gentle
B. urgent
C. minor
D. traditional

Câu 19. Experts say the water crisis requires ___.

A. only new technology
B. only more money
C. a combination of approaches
D. military intervention

Câu 20. It can be inferred that the water crisis ___.

A. only affects poor countries
B. can be solved but requires commitment
C. is not a serious problem
D. will resolve itself naturally

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Passage 3: How Memory Works

Human memory is far more complex than most people realize. Rather than functioning like a video camera that records events exactly as they happen, memory is a reconstructive process. Each time we recall an event, our brain essentially rebuilds the memory from scattered pieces of information, filling in gaps with assumptions and expectations. This means that memories are not perfect records but rather interpretations that can be influenced by our current mood, beliefs, and subsequent experiences.

Scientists distinguish between three main types of memory. Sensory memory holds information from the senses for a very brief period, typically less than one second for visual information and up to four seconds for auditory information. Short-term memory, also called working memory, can hold approximately seven items for about 20 to 30 seconds without rehearsal. Long-term memory has virtually unlimited capacity and can store information for a lifetime, though retrieval becomes more difficult over time without periodic review.

The process of moving information from short-term to long-term memory is called encoding. Several factors affect encoding efficiency. Emotional events are encoded more strongly because the amygdala, the brain's emotional center, enhances memory formation during heightened emotional states. Repetition strengthens neural pathways, making retrieval easier. Sleep plays a critical role in memory consolidation — during deep sleep, the hippocampus replays the day's experiences, transferring important information to the cortex for long-term storage. Students who sleep well after studying retain significantly more information than those who stay up all night cramming.

Câu 21. According to the passage, human memory works like ___.

A. a video camera
B. a reconstructive process
C. a computer hard drive
D. a photograph

Câu 22. How long does sensory memory hold visual information?

A. Less than one second
B. About four seconds
C. About 20 seconds
D. About one minute

Câu 23. Short-term memory can hold approximately ___ items.

A. Three
B. Five
C. Seven
D. Twelve

Câu 24. The word "retrieval" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. storage
B. deletion
C. recovery or recall
D. creation

Câu 25. Which brain structure enhances memory during emotional events?

A. The cortex
B. The hippocampus
C. The amygdala
D. The cerebellum

Câu 26. The process of moving information to long-term memory is called ___.

A. retrieval
B. rehearsal
C. encoding
D. sensing

Câu 27. During deep sleep, the ___ replays the day's experiences.

A. amygdala
B. cortex
C. hippocampus
D. cerebellum

Câu 28. The word "cramming" in the last sentence is closest in meaning to ___.

A. sleeping deeply
B. studying intensively at the last minute
C. exercising vigorously
D. eating a large meal

Câu 29. Which statement about long-term memory is true?

A. It can only hold seven items
B. It lasts less than 30 seconds
C. It has virtually unlimited capacity
D. It works better without sleep

Câu 30. It can be inferred that students who want to remember more should ___.

A. avoid sleeping after studying
B. study while feeling no emotions
C. get adequate sleep after studying
D. memorize everything at once

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Passage 4: The Circular Economy

The traditional economic model follows a linear pattern: extract raw materials, manufacture products, use them, and then discard them as waste. This "take-make-dispose" approach has driven industrial growth for centuries but has created enormous environmental problems. Each year, the world generates over 2 billion tonnes of solid waste, and this figure is expected to increase by 70 percent by 2050. The circular economy offers an alternative framework that aims to eliminate waste and keep resources in use for as long as possible.

In a circular economy, products are designed from the outset to be durable, repairable, and recyclable. Instead of planned obsolescence — the deliberate design of products with limited lifespans to encourage repeat purchases — manufacturers create goods that can be easily disassembled and their components reused. The Ellen MacArthur Foundation identifies three core principles: eliminate waste and pollution by design, circulate products and materials at their highest value, and regenerate natural systems rather than depleting them.

Several companies and countries have begun implementing circular economy principles. The Netherlands aims to be fully circular by 2050 and has established programs to redesign products, reduce food waste, and develop new business models based on sharing and leasing rather than ownership. Patagonia, the outdoor clothing company, offers a repair program and resells used clothing through its Worn Wear platform. Interface, a carpet manufacturer, takes back old carpets and recycles them into new products, diverting thousands of tonnes of waste from landfills annually.

Critics argue that the circular economy faces significant barriers. Recycling processes often require substantial energy and may produce lower-quality materials. Consumer behavior is difficult to change, as people are accustomed to the convenience of disposable products. The initial investment required to redesign manufacturing processes can be prohibitive for smaller companies. Nevertheless, proponents contend that the circular economy is not merely an environmental ideal but an economic necessity, as finite resources become increasingly scarce and expensive.

Câu 31. The traditional economic model is described as ___.

A. circular
B. sustainable
C. linear (take-make-dispose)
D. sharing-based

Câu 32. How much solid waste does the world generate annually?

A. Over 1 billion tonnes
B. Over 2 billion tonnes
C. Over 5 billion tonnes
D. Over 10 billion tonnes

Câu 33. The word "obsolescence" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. innovation
B. becoming outdated or useless
C. improvement
D. popularity

Câu 34. Which country aims to be fully circular by 2050?

A. Germany
B. Japan
C. The Netherlands
D. Sweden

Câu 35. What does Patagonia's Worn Wear platform do?

A. Sells new clothing at discount prices
B. Resells used clothing
C. Donates clothing to charities
D. Recycles clothing into building materials

Câu 36. Which is NOT a core principle of the circular economy according to the Ellen MacArthur Foundation?

A. Eliminate waste and pollution
B. Circulate products at highest value
C. Maximize short-term profits
D. Regenerate natural systems

Câu 37. Interface diverts waste from landfills by ___.

A. burning old carpets for energy
B. recycling old carpets into new products
C. sending carpets to developing countries
D. burying carpets underground

Câu 38. Which is a barrier to the circular economy?

A. Too many recycling facilities
B. Consumer preference for disposable products
C. Excessive government support
D. Too many raw materials available

Câu 39. Proponents argue the circular economy is ___.

A. only an environmental ideal
B. impossible to implement
C. an economic necessity
D. only for large companies

Câu 40. The main purpose of the passage is to ___.

A. criticize all forms of manufacturing
B. explain the circular economy concept, examples, and challenges
C. argue that recycling is a waste of time
D. promote specific companies' products

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Xem đáp án và giải thích chi tiết tại bài tiếp theo.

Đáp án đề Reading VSTEP số 3

Bảng đáp án

Câu	Đáp án	Câu	Đáp án	Câu	Đáp án	Câu	Đáp án
1	B	11	B	21	B	31	C
2	C	12	C	22	A	32	B
3	C	13	A	23	C	33	B
4	D	14	D	24	C	34	C
5	B	15	B	25	C	35	B
6	B	16	C	26	C	36	C
7	C	17	B	27	C	37	B
8	B	18	B	28	B	38	B
9	B	19	C	29	C	39	C
10	B	20	B	30	C	40	B

Giải thích 10 câu khó nhất

Câu 2 (Đáp án: C)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Hybrid models" — kết hợp cả trực tuyến và trực tiếp. "Hybrid" nghĩa là lai, kết hợp hai hình thức khác nhau. Câu gốc xác nhận: "combine in-person and online instruction."

Câu 5 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Digital divide" — khoảng cách số, sự bất bình đẳng trong tiếp cận internet và công nghệ. Câu sau giải thích: "students in rural areas or developing countries may lack reliable internet access."

Câu 9 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Inference. Passage nêu dropout rates lên tới 90%, sinh viên cảm thấy cô lập và thiếu động lực. Đây rõ ràng là vấn đề đáng lo ngại (significant problem), không phải "không quan trọng" hay "đang cải thiện nhanh".

Câu 13 (Đáp án: A)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Agricultural runoff" — nước chảy tràn từ nông nghiệp, mang theo phân bón và thuốc trừ sâu. "Water that flows over land carrying pollutants" mô tả chính xác hiện tượng này.

Câu 18 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "One of the most pressing challenges" — pressing nghĩa là cấp bách, cần giải quyết ngay. Trong ngữ cảnh 2 tỷ người thiếu nước sạch, "urgent" là nghĩa phù hợp nhất.

Câu 24 (Đáp án: C)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Retrieval becomes more difficult" — retrieval là quá trình lấy lại, truy xuất thông tin đã lưu. Trong ngữ cảnh trí nhớ, "recovery or recall" (nhớ lại) là nghĩa chính xác.

Câu 25 (Đáp án: C)

Dạng: Detail. Câu gốc: "the amygdala, the brain's emotional center, enhances memory formation during heightened emotional states." Amygdala là cấu trúc não tăng cường trí nhớ trong các sự kiện cảm xúc mạnh.

Câu 28 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Stay up all night cramming" — cramming nghĩa là nhồi nhét kiến thức vào phút cuối, học dồn ngay trước khi thi. Đối lập với việc ngủ đủ giấc sau khi học.

Câu 33 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Planned obsolescence" — câu giải thích ngay sau: "the deliberate design of products with limited lifespans." Obsolescence = trở nên lỗi thời, không dùng được nữa.

Câu 39 (Đáp án: C)

Dạng: Detail. Câu gốc: "proponents contend that the circular economy is not merely an environmental ideal but an economic necessity, as finite resources become increasingly scarce and expensive." Đáp án C chính xác: an economic necessity.

Đề luyện Reading VSTEP số 4 — Thời gian: 60 phút

Đề gồm 4 bài đọc, mỗi bài 10 câu hỏi trắc nghiệm (A, B, C, D). Tổng cộng 40 câu. Hãy hoàn thành trong 60 phút.

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Passage 1: The Mediterranean Diet

The Mediterranean diet, inspired by the traditional eating habits of countries like Greece, Italy, and Spain, has been widely recognized as one of the healthiest dietary patterns in the world. It emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and olive oil, while limiting red meat, processed foods, and added sugars. Fish and poultry are consumed in moderate amounts, and red wine is often enjoyed in small quantities with meals.

Research consistently supports the health benefits of this diet. A landmark study published in the New England Journal of Medicine followed 7,447 participants over five years and found that those on a Mediterranean diet had a 30 percent lower risk of heart attack and stroke compared to a low-fat diet group. Other studies have linked the diet to reduced risks of type 2 diabetes, certain cancers, and cognitive decline. The diet's high content of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds is believed to be responsible for these protective effects.

Despite its benefits, adopting the Mediterranean diet can be challenging for people outside the Mediterranean region. Fresh produce, olive oil, and fish can be expensive in some countries. Cultural food preferences and busy lifestyles may make it difficult to prepare meals from scratch. Nutritionists suggest that people do not need to follow the diet perfectly — even incorporating some of its principles, such as eating more vegetables and using olive oil instead of butter, can provide significant health benefits.

Câu 1. Which food is emphasized in the Mediterranean diet?

A. Red meat
B. Processed foods
C. Olive oil
D. Added sugars

Câu 2. The landmark study followed ___ participants.

A. 3,447
B. 5,447
C. 7,447
D. 9,447

Câu 3. The Mediterranean diet reduced heart attack and stroke risk by ___.

A. 10 percent
B. 20 percent
C. 30 percent
D. 40 percent

Câu 4. The word "landmark" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. ordinary
B. groundbreaking and significant
C. controversial
D. outdated

Câu 5. Which disease is NOT linked to a reduced risk from the Mediterranean diet?

A. Heart disease
B. Type 2 diabetes
C. Malaria
D. Certain cancers

Câu 6. What makes the diet challenging for people outside the region?

A. The food tastes bad
B. Ingredients can be expensive
C. Doctors discourage it
D. It requires special equipment

Câu 7. The diet's protective effects are attributed to ___.

A. high protein content
B. antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds
C. low calorie count
D. vitamin supplements

Câu 8. Nutritionists suggest that people ___.

A. must follow the diet perfectly
B. can benefit from incorporating some principles
C. should avoid olive oil
D. should eat more red meat

Câu 9. The word "scratch" in "prepare meals from scratch" means ___.

A. quickly
B. from basic ingredients
C. using a microwave
D. at a restaurant

Câu 10. It can be inferred that the Mediterranean diet ___.

A. is only effective for Mediterranean people
B. has strong scientific evidence supporting it
C. will cure all diseases
D. is the only healthy diet option

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Passage 2: Public Transportation

Efficient public transportation systems are essential for modern cities. They reduce traffic congestion, lower carbon emissions, and provide affordable mobility for people who cannot drive or afford a car. Cities with well-developed public transit systems, such as Tokyo, Singapore, and Vienna, consistently rank among the world's most livable cities. In contrast, cities that depend heavily on private cars often suffer from severe congestion, poor air quality, and social inequality in transportation access.

The most successful public transportation systems share several common features. They offer frequent service — trains or buses arrive every few minutes during peak hours, so passengers do not need to consult timetables. Routes are designed to connect major residential areas, workplaces, schools, and commercial centers. Intermodal integration allows passengers to transfer seamlessly between different forms of transport, such as bus, subway, and bicycle-sharing systems. Affordable pricing, often with discounted passes for students and elderly residents, encourages ridership.

However, building and maintaining public transportation infrastructure is extremely expensive. A single kilometer of subway construction can cost anywhere from $100 million to over $1 billion, depending on geology and urban density. Many cities struggle to fund expansions and upgrades while keeping fares affordable. Political resistance from car-centric communities and competition from ride-hailing services like Uber add further challenges. Experts argue that governments must view public transportation as a public good, like education and healthcare, worthy of sustained investment rather than expected to generate profit.

Câu 11. Which city is mentioned as having good public transportation?

A. Los Angeles
B. Tokyo
C. Houston
D. Dubai

Câu 12. Cities dependent on private cars often suffer from ___.

A. too many bus routes
B. excessive subway construction
C. severe congestion and poor air quality
D. too many bicycles

Câu 13. The word "intermodal" in paragraph 2 refers to ___.

A. one type of transport only
B. combining different forms of transport
C. international travel
D. self-driving vehicles

Câu 14. Subway construction can cost up to ___ per kilometer.

A. $10 million
B. $50 million
C. $500 million
D. Over $1 billion

Câu 15. Which is NOT a feature of successful public transit systems?

A. Frequent service
B. Affordable pricing
C. Luxury seating for all passengers
D. Good route coverage

Câu 16. Experts compare public transportation to ___.

A. private business
B. entertainment
C. education and healthcare
D. military defense

Câu 17. The word "ridership" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. the cost of building transit
B. the number of people using transit
C. the speed of trains
D. the quality of seats

Câu 18. Which is a challenge for public transportation?

A. Too many passengers
B. Competition from ride-hailing services
C. Lack of roads
D. Excessive government funding

Câu 19. It can be inferred that the author believes ___.

A. public transit should make a profit
B. private cars are better than public transit
C. governments should invest more in public transit
D. ride-hailing services should be banned

Câu 20. The main purpose of the passage is to ___.

A. advertise specific transit companies
B. discuss the importance, features, and challenges of public transit
C. argue that all cities should ban cars
D. compare Tokyo and Singapore

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Passage 3: Endangered Languages

Of the approximately 7,000 languages spoken worldwide today, linguists estimate that nearly half are endangered — meaning they have fewer speakers each generation and may disappear entirely within the next century. A language is considered critically endangered when only the oldest generation speaks it, and children are no longer learning it as their first language. When the last fluent speaker of a language dies, centuries of accumulated knowledge, oral literature, and cultural identity are lost irreversibly.

Language death is driven primarily by social and economic pressures. Speakers of minority languages often shift to dominant languages to access better education, employment, and social mobility. Governments may discourage or even prohibit the use of minority languages in schools and official settings. Urbanization separates young people from their linguistic communities, and mass media in dominant languages further accelerates the shift. In Australia, for example, only 13 of the original 250 Aboriginal languages are still being passed to children.

Efforts to preserve endangered languages take many forms. Language documentation projects use audio and video recordings to create permanent records of grammar, vocabulary, and oral traditions. Immersion programs, where children attend schools conducted entirely in the endangered language, have shown remarkable success — the revival of Hebrew in Israel and the resurgence of Maori in New Zealand demonstrate that language revitalization is possible with sufficient community commitment and government support.

Digital technology offers new tools for language preservation. Mobile apps, online dictionaries, and social media platforms allow speakers to use their languages in daily digital communication, increasing their visibility and prestige. Some communities have created YouTube channels and podcasts in their languages, reaching young people who might otherwise have no exposure to their heritage language.

Câu 21. How many languages are spoken worldwide?

A. About 3,000
B. About 5,000
C. About 7,000
D. About 10,000

Câu 22. A language is critically endangered when ___.

A. only the oldest generation speaks it
B. it has fewer than 1,000 speakers
C. it is not used on the internet
D. it has no written form

Câu 23. In Australia, how many Aboriginal languages are still passed to children?

A. 5
B. 13
C. 50
D. 100

Câu 24. The word "irreversibly" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. temporarily
B. partially
C. permanently, cannot be undone
D. slowly

Câu 25. Which is NOT a cause of language death mentioned in the passage?

A. Economic pressures
B. Government discouragement
C. Climate change
D. Urbanization

Câu 26. Immersion programs involve ___.

A. teaching only in the dominant language
B. conducting school entirely in the endangered language
C. using translation apps in class
D. studying languages online only

Câu 27. Which languages are given as examples of successful revitalization?

A. Latin and Sanskrit
B. French and German
C. Hebrew and Maori
D. Chinese and Arabic

Câu 28. The word "resurgence" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. disappearance
B. revival and comeback
C. simplification
D. translation

Câu 29. How does digital technology help preserve languages?

A. By replacing endangered languages
B. By banning dominant languages online
C. Through apps, online dictionaries, and social media
D. By creating new artificial languages

Câu 30. It can be inferred that language preservation ___.

A. is impossible in the modern world
B. only works for European languages
C. requires both community effort and government support
D. is unnecessary because English is sufficient

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Passage 4: The Ethics of Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering — the direct manipulation of an organism's DNA — has advanced rapidly since the discovery of CRISPR-Cas9 in 2012. This revolutionary gene-editing tool allows scientists to modify DNA sequences with unprecedented precision, speed, and affordability. CRISPR has been used to develop disease-resistant crops, create gene therapies for previously incurable genetic disorders, and even engineer mosquitoes that cannot transmit malaria. In 2023, the first CRISPR-based therapy for sickle cell disease received regulatory approval, marking a milestone in genetic medicine.

The potential applications of genetic engineering in human health are enormous. Gene therapy could theoretically eliminate hereditary diseases such as cystic fibrosis, Huntington's disease, and certain forms of cancer by correcting the faulty genes responsible. Somatic gene therapy, which modifies genes in non-reproductive cells, affects only the individual patient and is widely accepted by the medical community. However, germline editing — modifying genes in reproductive cells or embryos — raises profound ethical concerns because changes would be inherited by future generations who cannot consent to the modification.

The prospect of "designer babies" — selecting or enhancing traits such as intelligence, height, or athletic ability — has generated intense debate. Proponents argue that parents should have the right to give their children the best possible genetic advantages. Critics counter that this could create a genetic underclass, where only wealthy families can afford enhancements, exacerbating social inequality. There are also concerns about unintended consequences: the human genome is extraordinarily complex, and modifying one gene may have unpredictable effects on others.

Regulation of genetic engineering varies widely across countries. Some nations, including the UK and Japan, allow research on human embryos under strict oversight but prohibit clinical application of germline editing. China's regulatory environment has been more permissive, leading to controversial experiments. International scientific bodies have called for a global moratorium on clinical germline editing until the technology's safety and ethical implications are better understood.

Câu 31. When was CRISPR-Cas9 discovered?

A. 2005
B. 2008
C. 2012
D. 2018

Câu 32. The first CRISPR-based therapy approved was for ___.

A. cancer
B. malaria
C. sickle cell disease
D. diabetes

Câu 33. Somatic gene therapy modifies genes in ___.

A. reproductive cells
B. non-reproductive cells
C. embryos
D. sperm and egg cells

Câu 34. The word "germline" refers to ___.

A. skin cells
B. brain cells
C. reproductive cells or embryos
D. blood cells

Câu 35. Critics of "designer babies" worry about ___.

A. children being too healthy
B. increased social inequality
C. reduced birth rates
D. children becoming too tall

Câu 36. The word "moratorium" in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to ___.

A. celebration
B. temporary ban or pause
C. acceleration
D. competition

Câu 37. Germline editing is controversial because ___.

A. it is too expensive
B. changes are inherited by future generations
C. it only works on plants
D. it requires surgery

Câu 38. Which country is described as having a more permissive regulatory environment?

A. The UK
B. Japan
C. China
D. Germany

Câu 39. It can be inferred that the author believes genetic engineering ___.

A. should be completely banned
B. is entirely safe and harmless
C. needs careful regulation
D. is only useful for agriculture

Câu 40. The main purpose of the passage is to ___.

A. promote genetic engineering products
B. explain genetic engineering technology and its ethical challenges
C. argue against all scientific research
D. compare CRISPR with older technologies

---

Xem đáp án và giải thích chi tiết tại bài tiếp theo.

Đáp án đề Reading VSTEP số 4

Bảng đáp án

Câu	Đáp án	Câu	Đáp án	Câu	Đáp án	Câu	Đáp án
1	C	11	B	21	C	31	C
2	C	12	C	22	A	32	C
3	C	13	B	23	B	33	B
4	B	14	D	24	C	34	C
5	C	15	C	25	C	35	B
6	B	16	C	26	B	36	B
7	B	17	B	27	C	37	B
8	B	18	B	28	B	38	C
9	B	19	C	29	C	39	C
10	B	20	B	30	C	40	B

Giải thích 10 câu khó nhất

Câu 4 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "A landmark study" — landmark nghĩa là mang tính bước ngoặt, có ý nghĩa quan trọng, đánh dấu một cột mốc trong lĩnh vực nghiên cứu. "Groundbreaking and significant" là nghĩa chính xác nhất.

Câu 9 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Prepare meals from scratch" — from scratch nghĩa là từ đầu, từ nguyên liệu cơ bản, không dùng thức ăn chế biến sẵn. Đối lập với mua đồ ăn nhanh hoặc đồ đông lạnh.

Câu 13 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Intermodal integration" — intermodal nghĩa là liên phương thức, kết hợp nhiều loại phương tiện giao thông khác nhau. Câu giải thích: "transfer seamlessly between bus, subway, and bicycle-sharing."

Câu 17 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Affordable pricing encourages ridership" — ridership là số lượng hành khách sử dụng phương tiện giao thông công cộng. Giá hợp lý → nhiều người sử dụng hơn.

Câu 22 (Đáp án: A)

Dạng: Detail. Câu gốc: "A language is considered critically endangered when only the oldest generation speaks it, and children are no longer learning it." Đáp án A chính xác: chỉ thế hệ già nhất còn nói.

Câu 24 (Đáp án: C)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Lost irreversibly" — irreversibly nghĩa là không thể đảo ngược, vĩnh viễn. Khi ngôn ngữ chết đi, kiến thức và văn hóa đi kèm mất vĩnh viễn.

Câu 28 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "The resurgence of Maori" — resurgence nghĩa là sự hồi sinh, trở lại mạnh mẽ sau thời kỳ suy giảm. "Revival and comeback" mô tả chính xác nghĩa này.

Câu 34 (Đáp án: C)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Germline editing — modifying genes in reproductive cells or embryos." Câu gốc định nghĩa rõ: germline = tế bào sinh sản hoặc phôi thai.

Câu 36 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "A global moratorium on clinical germline editing" — moratorium nghĩa là lệnh tạm dừng, đình chỉ tạm thời một hoạt động. Không phải cấm vĩnh viễn, mà dừng lại cho đến khi hiểu rõ hơn.

Câu 39 (Đáp án: C)

Dạng: Inference. Tác giả trình bày cả tiềm năng lẫn rủi ro, kết bài nhấn mạnh cần "global moratorium" và hiểu rõ "safety and ethical implications." Từ đó suy ra: tác giả ủng hộ quy định chặt chẽ cho genetic engineering, không phải cấm hoàn toàn hay bỏ mặc.

Đề luyện Reading VSTEP số 5 — Thời gian: 60 phút

Đề gồm 4 bài đọc, mỗi bài 10 câu hỏi trắc nghiệm (A, B, C, D). Tổng cộng 40 câu. Hãy hoàn thành trong 60 phút.

---

Passage 1: Volunteering

Volunteering — giving one's time and skills without financial compensation — benefits both communities and the volunteers themselves. Research from the Corporation for National and Community Service shows that communities with high volunteering rates have lower crime rates, better schools, and stronger local economies. Volunteers provide essential services in healthcare, education, disaster relief, and environmental conservation that governments and nonprofits could not afford otherwise.

For individuals, volunteering offers surprising personal benefits. Studies have found that regular volunteers have lower rates of depression, higher life satisfaction, and even longer lifespans compared to non-volunteers. The social connections formed through volunteering reduce feelings of isolation, particularly among older adults. Young people who volunteer develop leadership skills, gain work experience, and build professional networks that benefit their future careers. Universities and employers increasingly value volunteer experience when evaluating candidates.

Despite these benefits, volunteering rates have declined in many countries. In the United States, the volunteer rate fell from 28.8 percent in 2005 to 23.2 percent in 2023. Experts attribute this decline to longer working hours, the rise of the gig economy, and the perception that volunteering requires a large time commitment. Organizations are adapting by offering micro-volunteering opportunities — short, flexible tasks that can be completed in an hour or less, often online — to attract busy individuals who want to contribute but have limited time.

Câu 1. What does volunteering involve?

A. Working for high wages
B. Giving time without financial compensation
C. Investing money in businesses
D. Attending classes for free

Câu 2. Communities with high volunteering rates have ___.

A. higher crime rates
B. weaker economies
C. lower crime rates
D. fewer schools

Câu 3. Regular volunteers have ___.

A. higher rates of depression
B. lower life satisfaction
C. shorter lifespans
D. lower rates of depression

Câu 4. The US volunteer rate in 2023 was ___.

A. 28.8 percent
B. 25.0 percent
C. 23.2 percent
D. 18.5 percent

Câu 5. The word "compensation" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. punishment
B. payment
C. competition
D. education

Câu 6. Micro-volunteering involves ___.

A. large projects lasting months
B. short, flexible tasks of an hour or less
C. full-time unpaid work
D. volunteering only for children

Câu 7. Which is NOT a reason for declining volunteering rates?

A. Longer working hours
B. Rise of the gig economy
C. Government bans on volunteering
D. Perception of large time commitment

Câu 8. Volunteering benefits young people by ___.

A. guaranteeing them jobs
B. developing leadership skills
C. giving them academic degrees
D. paying their tuition

Câu 9. It can be inferred that volunteering ___.

A. is only for retired people
B. benefits both the volunteer and the community
C. is a waste of time
D. is increasing rapidly worldwide

Câu 10. The author's purpose is to ___.

A. criticize people who do not volunteer
B. describe volunteering's benefits and the decline in rates
C. advertise specific volunteer organizations
D. argue that volunteering should be mandatory

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Passage 2: Plastic Pollution in the Oceans

Plastic pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems of the 21st century. An estimated 8 million tonnes of plastic waste enter the world's oceans every year, equivalent to dumping one garbage truck of plastic into the sea every minute. If current trends continue, scientists predict that by 2050, there will be more plastic than fish in the oceans by weight. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch, a massive accumulation of floating debris between Hawaii and California, now covers an area three times the size of France.

The impact on marine life is devastating. Over 800 marine species are affected by plastic pollution, through entanglement, ingestion, or habitat destruction. Sea turtles mistake plastic bags for jellyfish, their natural food source. Seabirds feed plastic fragments to their chicks, causing starvation and internal injuries. Microplastics — particles smaller than five millimeters — have been found in the tissues of fish consumed by humans, raising concerns about the effects on human health. Studies have detected microplastics in human blood, lungs, and even placentas.

Addressing plastic pollution requires action at multiple levels. Governments can ban single-use plastics, impose taxes on packaging, and invest in waste management infrastructure. Companies can redesign products to use less plastic and develop biodegradable alternatives. Individuals can reduce consumption by using reusable bags, bottles, and containers. International cooperation is essential, as plastic pollution does not respect national borders — waste generated in one country can wash up on beaches thousands of kilometers away.

Câu 11. How much plastic enters the oceans annually?

A. About 2 million tonnes
B. About 5 million tonnes
C. About 8 million tonnes
D. About 12 million tonnes

Câu 12. By 2050, there may be more ___ than fish in the oceans.

A. ships
B. plastic
C. seaweed
D. oil

Câu 13. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch covers an area ___ the size of France.

A. equal to
B. twice
C. three times
D. five times

Câu 14. Sea turtles mistake plastic bags for ___.

A. seaweed
B. fish
C. jellyfish
D. coral

Câu 15. Microplastics are particles smaller than ___.

A. one millimeter
B. five millimeters
C. one centimeter
D. five centimeters

Câu 16. The word "ingestion" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. breathing
B. swallowing
C. touching
D. seeing

Câu 17. Where have microplastics been found in humans?

A. Only in the stomach
B. In blood, lungs, and placentas
C. Only in the skin
D. Nowhere in humans

Câu 18. How many marine species are affected by plastic pollution?

A. Over 200
B. Over 400
C. Over 800
D. Over 1,000

Câu 19. Which is NOT a suggested solution in the passage?

A. Banning single-use plastics
B. Using reusable bags
C. Dumping plastic in space
D. Developing biodegradable alternatives

Câu 20. It can be inferred that solving plastic pollution ___.

A. is easy and requires minimal effort
B. requires international cooperation
C. is impossible
D. only depends on individual action

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Passage 3: Early Childhood Education

Early childhood education (ECE) refers to formal learning programs for children between the ages of three and six, before they enter primary school. Research consistently demonstrates that high-quality ECE has profound and lasting effects on children's development. The Perry Preschool Study, which tracked participants for over 40 years, found that children who attended preschool earned 14 percent more as adults, were 20 percent more likely to own a home, and were 46 percent less likely to have been arrested five or more times.

The benefits of ECE extend beyond individual outcomes. Economists estimate that every dollar invested in high-quality early childhood programs yields a return of seven to ten dollars through reduced spending on special education, criminal justice, and social welfare programs. Nobel laureate James Heckman has argued that early childhood investment is the most cost-effective public policy for reducing inequality and boosting economic productivity, because the brain develops most rapidly during the first five years of life.

However, access to quality ECE remains deeply unequal. In the United States, a year of preschool can cost between $10,000 and $15,000, making it unaffordable for many families. Low-income children, who would benefit the most from early education, are the least likely to attend. Countries like Finland and France, which provide universal, publicly-funded preschool, have significantly smaller achievement gaps between wealthy and disadvantaged students. Advocates argue that universal early childhood education should be a public priority, as it addresses inequality at its roots before educational disparities become entrenched.

Câu 21. ECE is for children aged ___.

A. 0 to 2
B. 3 to 6
C. 6 to 10
D. 10 to 14

Câu 22. Perry Preschool Study participants who attended preschool earned ___ more as adults.

A. 10 percent
B. 14 percent
C. 20 percent
D. 30 percent

Câu 23. Every dollar in ECE yields a return of ___.

A. 2 to 3 dollars
B. 4 to 5 dollars
C. 7 to 10 dollars
D. 15 to 20 dollars

Câu 24. The word "entrenched" in the last sentence is closest in meaning to ___.

A. easily changed
B. newly created
C. deeply established and hard to change
D. temporary

Câu 25. James Heckman is a ___.

A. politician
B. teacher
C. Nobel laureate economist
D. doctor

Câu 26. In the US, preschool can cost ___ per year.

A. $2,000 to $5,000
B. $5,000 to $8,000
C. $10,000 to $15,000
D. $20,000 to $30,000

Câu 27. Which countries provide universal public preschool?

A. The US and UK
B. Finland and France
C. Japan and Korea
D. Australia and Canada

Câu 28. Perry Preschool Study participants were ___ less likely to be arrested multiple times.

A. 20 percent
B. 30 percent
C. 46 percent
D. 60 percent

Câu 29. The word "disparities" in the last sentence is closest in meaning to ___.

A. similarities
B. improvements
C. differences or inequalities
D. opportunities

Câu 30. It can be inferred that the author supports ___.

A. eliminating all preschool programs
B. making preschool available only to wealthy families
C. universal access to quality early childhood education
D. delaying education until age 10

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Passage 4: AI and the Future of Work

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence is fundamentally reshaping the global labor market. A 2024 report by the World Economic Forum estimated that AI and automation will displace 85 million jobs worldwide by 2027 but simultaneously create 97 million new roles, resulting in a net gain of 12 million positions. However, this transition will not be smooth: the jobs lost and created will require different skills, be located in different sectors, and may not be accessible to the same workers. The challenge lies not in the total number of jobs but in the mismatch between displaced workers' skills and new job requirements.

Certain occupations are more vulnerable to automation than others. Routine, repetitive tasks — data entry, basic bookkeeping, assembly line work, and simple customer service — are most likely to be automated. Meanwhile, jobs requiring creativity, complex problem-solving, emotional intelligence, and physical dexterity remain difficult for AI to perform. Healthcare workers, teachers, artists, skilled tradespeople, and managers are considered relatively safe from automation. Paradoxically, both the highest-paid and lowest-paid jobs tend to be more resistant to AI replacement, while middle-skill, middle-income positions face the greatest disruption.

Preparing the workforce for this transformation requires fundamental changes in education and training systems. Traditional education models that emphasize memorization and standardized testing must evolve toward developing critical thinking, adaptability, and lifelong learning skills. Governments and employers must invest in reskilling programs that help displaced workers transition to new careers. Some countries have introduced "individual learning accounts" that provide every citizen with funding for continuous education throughout their careers, recognizing that the days of learning a single skill set and using it for a lifetime are over.

The social implications of AI-driven job displacement extend beyond economics. Work provides not only income but also identity, purpose, and social connection. Communities built around specific industries — coal mining towns, manufacturing centers — face existential threats when automation eliminates their economic foundation. Policymakers must address these broader impacts through comprehensive social safety nets, community development programs, and potentially new economic models such as universal basic income.

Câu 31. According to the WEF report, AI will create a net gain of ___ jobs.

A. 5 million
B. 12 million
C. 85 million
D. 97 million

Câu 32. The main challenge of AI-driven job changes is ___.

A. too few total jobs
B. the skills mismatch between old and new jobs
C. workers refusing to use AI
D. governments banning automation

Câu 33. Which type of job is MOST vulnerable to automation?

A. Healthcare worker
B. Data entry clerk
C. Artist
D. Skilled tradesperson

Câu 34. The word "dexterity" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. strength
B. intelligence
C. skillful use of hands
D. speed

Câu 35. Which income level faces the greatest disruption?

A. The highest-paid jobs
B. Middle-skill, middle-income positions
C. The lowest-paid jobs
D. All income levels equally

Câu 36. "Individual learning accounts" provide ___.

A. free housing for workers
B. funding for continuous education
C. guaranteed employment
D. retirement savings

Câu 37. Traditional education must evolve toward ___.

A. more memorization
B. critical thinking and adaptability
C. stricter standardized testing
D. shorter school years

Câu 38. Work provides people with ___.

A. only income
B. income, identity, purpose, and social connection
C. only social status
D. only daily routine

Câu 39. The word "existential" in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. minor
B. financial
C. threatening their very existence
D. temporary

Câu 40. The main message of the passage is that AI ___.

A. will destroy all human jobs
B. creates both opportunities and challenges requiring preparation
C. should be completely stopped
D. only affects developing countries

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Xem đáp án và giải thích chi tiết tại bài tiếp theo.

Đáp án đề Reading VSTEP số 5

Bảng đáp án

Câu	Đáp án	Câu	Đáp án	Câu	Đáp án	Câu	Đáp án
1	B	11	C	21	B	31	B
2	C	12	B	22	B	32	B
3	D	13	C	23	C	33	B
4	C	14	C	24	C	34	C
5	B	15	B	25	C	35	B
6	B	16	B	26	C	36	B
7	C	17	B	27	B	37	B
8	B	18	C	28	C	38	B
9	B	19	C	29	C	39	C
10	B	20	B	30	C	40	B

Giải thích 10 câu khó nhất

Câu 5 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Without financial compensation" — compensation nghĩa là sự đền bù, thanh toán, trả công. Trong ngữ cảnh tình nguyện, "without financial compensation" = không nhận tiền công.

Câu 9 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Inference. Toàn Passage 1 trình bày lợi ích cho cả cộng đồng (giảm tội phạm, kinh tế mạnh hơn) lẫn cá nhân (giảm trầm cảm, sống lâu hơn). Suy ra: tình nguyện có lợi cho cả hai bên.

Câu 16 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Through entanglement, ingestion, or habitat destruction" — ingestion nghĩa là nuốt vào, ăn phải. Rùa biển nuốt túi nhựa, chim biển cho con ăn mảnh nhựa — đều là ingestion.

Câu 20 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Inference. Đoạn cuối Passage 2 nhấn mạnh: "International cooperation is essential, as plastic pollution does not respect national borders." Suy ra: giải quyết ô nhiễm nhựa đòi hỏi hợp tác quốc tế, không thể chỉ dựa vào hành động cá nhân hay một quốc gia.

Câu 24 (Đáp án: C)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Before educational disparities become entrenched" — entrenched nghĩa là bám rễ sâu, khó thay đổi. Tác giả cho rằng cần can thiệp sớm trước khi bất bình đẳng giáo dục trở nên cố hữu.

Câu 29 (Đáp án: C)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Educational disparities" — disparities nghĩa là sự chênh lệch, bất bình đẳng. Trong ngữ cảnh: khoảng cách thành tích giữa học sinh giàu và học sinh nghèo.

Câu 32 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Detail. Câu gốc: "The challenge lies not in the total number of jobs but in the mismatch between displaced workers' skills and new job requirements." Thách thức chính là sự không tương thích kỹ năng.

Câu 34 (Đáp án: C)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Physical dexterity" — dexterity nghĩa là sự khéo léo, khả năng sử dụng tay một cách chính xác và linh hoạt. Đây là kỹ năng mà AI/robot khó thay thế.

Câu 35 (Đáp án: B)

Dạng: Detail. Câu gốc: "both the highest-paid and lowest-paid jobs tend to be more resistant to AI replacement, while middle-skill, middle-income positions face the greatest disruption." Nhóm thu nhập trung bình chịu ảnh hưởng nặng nhất.

Câu 39 (Đáp án: C)

Dạng: Vocabulary in Context. "Face existential threats" — existential nghĩa là đe dọa sự tồn tại, liên quan đến việc có tồn tại được hay không. Các cộng đồng phụ thuộc vào một ngành công nghiệp đối mặt nguy cơ biến mất khi ngành đó bị tự động hóa.