Đảo ngữ nhấn mạnh (Inversion) là gì?
Đảo ngữ là đưa trợ động từ lên trước chủ ngữ để nhấn mạnh. Trong VSTEP B2, đảo ngữ xuất hiện nhiều ở phần viết lại câu (sentence transformation) và Writing Task 2.
1. Các cấu trúc đảo ngữ phổ biến
a) Not only... but also
Công thức: Not only + trợ ĐT + S + V, but S also + V
- Thường: He is not only smart but also kind.
- Đảo ngữ: Not only is he smart, but he is also kind.
- Thường: She not only sings but also dances.
- Đảo ngữ: Not only does she sing, but she also dances.
b) Never / Rarely / Seldom / Hardly ever
Công thức: Never / Rarely / Seldom + trợ ĐT + S + V
- Never have I seen such a beautiful sunset.
- Rarely does he make mistakes.
- Seldom do they go out at night.
c) Hardly / Scarcely... when
Công thức: Hardly had + S + V3 + when + S + V2 (Past Simple)
- Hardly had I arrived when it started raining.
- Scarcely had she finished when the bell rang.
d) No sooner... than
Công thức: No sooner had + S + V3 + than + S + V2 (Past Simple)
- No sooner had he left than it started to rain.
- No sooner had we sat down than the waiter came.
e) Only when / Only after / Only by
Công thức: Only when + mệnh đề + trợ ĐT + S + V (đảo ngữ ở mệnh đề chính)
- Only when she left did I realize how much I missed her.
- Only after graduating did he find a good job.
- Only by working hard can you succeed.
f) Not until
Công thức: Not until + mệnh đề/cụm từ + trợ ĐT + S + V
- Not until I got home did I realize I had lost my keys.
- Not until 2020 did they start the project.
g) So + adj + be + S + that
Công thức: So + adj + be (đảo) + S + that + S + V
- So beautiful was the view that everyone stopped to look.
- So tired was he that he fell asleep immediately.
2. Bảng tóm tắt
| Cấu trúc | Đi với | Ví dụ ngắn |
|---|---|---|
| Not only + aux + S + V | but (S) also | Not only does he cook, but he also cleans. |
| Never / Seldom / Rarely + aux + S + V | — | Never have I heard such nonsense. |
| Hardly had + S + V3 | when + S + V2 | Hardly had I left when it rained. |
| No sooner had + S + V3 | than + S + V2 | No sooner had she arrived than he left. |
| Only when / Only after | aux + S + V (mệnh đề chính) | Only when I saw it did I believe. |
| Not until | aux + S + V | Not until midnight did he return. |
3. Bài tập trắc nghiệm — 15 câu
Chọn đáp án đúng nhất (A, B, C hoặc D).
Câu 1. Not only ______ intelligent, but she is also very kind.
A. she is B. is she C. she was D. does she
Câu 2. Never ______ such a delicious meal.
A. I have eaten B. have I eaten C. I ate D. did I ate
Câu 3. Hardly had we arrived ______ it started to snow.
A. than B. that C. when D. then
Câu 4. No sooner had he finished lunch ______ the phone rang.
A. when B. than C. that D. then
Câu 5. Only when she apologized ______ forgive her.
A. I did B. did I C. I could D. I would
Câu 6. Seldom ______ late for class.
A. he is B. is he C. he does D. does he be
Câu 7. Not until midnight ______ stop studying.
A. she did B. she does C. did she D. does she
Câu 8. Not only ______ English, but she also speaks Japanese.
A. she speaks B. speaks she C. does she speak D. she does speak
Câu 9. Rarely ______ go to the cinema.
A. we do B. we C. do we D. did we went
Câu 10. Only by working hard ______ achieve success.
A. you can B. can you C. you will D. do you
Câu 11. So tired ______ that he fell asleep during the meeting.
A. he was B. was he C. he is D. is he
Câu 12. ______ had I entered the room when everyone started clapping.
A. Not only B. Not until C. No sooner D. Only when
Câu 13. At no time ______ about the problem.
A. he told me B. did he tell me C. he did tell me D. told he me
Câu 14. Only after finishing the project ______ take a break.
A. she could B. she did C. could she D. she can
Câu 15. Never before ______ so many people at the concert.
A. I saw B. I had seen C. had I seen D. did I saw
4. Đáp án và giải thích
| Câu | Đáp án | Giải thích |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | B. is she | Not only + đảo ngữ: be → is she. |
| 2 | B. have I eaten | Never + đảo ngữ: have I eaten (Present Perfect). |
| 3 | C. when | Hardly... when (cặp cố định). |
| 4 | B. than | No sooner... than (cặp cố định). |
| 5 | B. did I | Only when + mệnh đề → đảo ngữ ở mệnh đề chính: did I forgive. |
| 6 | B. is he | Seldom + đảo ngữ: is he late (be → is he). |
| 7 | C. did she | Not until + đảo ngữ: did she stop. |
| 8 | C. does she speak | Not only + đảo ngữ: does she speak (thì HTĐ → does). |
| 9 | C. do we | Rarely + đảo ngữ: do we go. |
| 10 | B. can you | Only by + V-ing → đảo ngữ: can you achieve. |
| 11 | B. was he | So + adj + be đảo: So tired was he that... |
| 12 | C. No sooner | No sooner had I... when everyone... (cặp No sooner... when/than). |
| 13 | B. did he tell me | At no time + đảo ngữ: did he tell me. |
| 14 | C. could she | Only after + V-ing → đảo ngữ mệnh đề chính: could she take. |
| 15 | C. had I seen | Never before + đảo ngữ: had I seen (Past Perfect). |