Đảo ngữ (Inversion) là gì?
Đảo ngữ là hiện tượng đảo vị trí của trợ động từ (hoặc to be) lên trước chủ ngữ để nhấn mạnh. Trong tiếng Anh bình thường, thứ tự là S + V, nhưng khi đảo ngữ sẽ thành Auxiliary/Be + S + V.
Đảo ngữ thường xuất hiện trong văn viết formal và đề thi VSTEP mức B2, đặc biệt ở dạng bài viết lại câu (sentence transformation).
1. Đảo ngữ với trạng từ phủ định đầu câu
Khi các trạng từ/cụm từ mang nghĩa phủ định hoặc hạn chế đứng đầu câu, mệnh đề sau PHẢI đảo ngữ.
1.1. Not only...but also
Công thức: Not only + auxiliary + S + V..., but S also + V...
| Câu thường | Câu đảo ngữ |
|---|---|
| She is not only beautiful but also smart. | Not only is she beautiful, but she is also smart. |
| He not only passed the exam but also got the highest score. | Not only did he pass the exam, but he also got the highest score. |
1.2. Hardly...when / Scarcely...when
Công thức: Hardly/Scarcely + had + S + V3...when + S + V2 (quá khứ đơn)
Nghĩa: Vừa mới...thì... (hai hành động xảy ra liên tiếp trong quá khứ)
| Câu thường | Câu đảo ngữ |
|---|---|
| I had hardly arrived when it started raining. | Hardly had I arrived when it started raining. |
| She had scarcely finished speaking when everyone applauded. | Scarcely had she finished speaking when everyone applauded. |
1.3. No sooner...than
Công thức: No sooner + had + S + V3...than + S + V2
Nghĩa: Vừa mới...thì... (tương tự Hardly...when)
| Câu thường | Câu đảo ngữ |
|---|---|
| He had no sooner left than the phone rang. | No sooner had he left than the phone rang. |
Lưu ý: Hardly/Scarcely → when. No sooner → than. Không nhầm lẫn!
1.4. Never / Rarely / Seldom / Little / At no time / Under no circumstances
Công thức: Never/Rarely/Seldom... + auxiliary + S + V
| Trạng từ | Nghĩa | Ví dụ đảo ngữ |
|---|---|---|
| Never | Không bao giờ | Never have I seen such a beautiful sunset. |
| Rarely | Hiếm khi | Rarely does she make mistakes. |
| Seldom | Hiếm khi | Seldom do they eat out. |
| Little | Ít, hầu như không | Little did he know that she was watching. |
| At no time | Không lúc nào | At no time did I say such a thing. |
| Under no circumstances | Không trong trường hợp nào | Under no circumstances should you open this door. |
| In no way | Không bằng cách nào | In no way is this acceptable. |
| On no account | Không vì lý do nào | On no account must you tell anyone. |
| Nowhere | Không nơi nào | Nowhere else will you find such quality. |
2. Đảo ngữ với Only
Khi Only + trạng từ/cụm trạng ngữ/mệnh đề đứng đầu câu, mệnh đề chính PHẢI đảo ngữ.
| Cấu trúc | Ví dụ |
|---|---|
| Only after + N/clause | Only after the exam did I realize my mistake. |
| Only when + clause | Only when she left did he understand her value. |
| Only by + V-ing/N | Only by working hard can you succeed. |
| Only then | Only then did he realize the truth. |
| Only if + clause | Only if you study will you pass. |
| Only in this way | Only in this way can we solve the problem. |
Lưu ý: "Only" đứng giữa câu thì KHÔNG đảo ngữ: I only realized my mistake after the exam.
3. Đảo ngữ với So / Such...that
| Cấu trúc | Ví dụ |
|---|---|
| So + adj/adv + auxiliary + S + that... | So beautiful was she that everyone stared. |
| Such + be + N + that... | Such was his anger that he couldn't speak. |
4. Đảo ngữ với Not until
Công thức: Not until + time/clause + auxiliary + S + V
| Câu thường | Câu đảo ngữ |
|---|---|
| I didn't know the truth until she told me. | Not until she told me did I know the truth. |
| He didn't study until the last minute. | Not until the last minute did he study. |
5. Tổng hợp công thức đảo ngữ
| Loại | Đảo ngữ | Đi với |
|---|---|---|
| Not only...but also | Not only + aux + S + V | but (S) also |
| Hardly / Scarcely | Hardly/Scarcely + had + S + V3 | when |
| No sooner | No sooner + had + S + V3 | than |
| Never / Rarely / Seldom | Adv + aux + S + V | — |
| Only + adverb/clause | Only... + aux + S + V | — |
| So + adj | So + adj + aux + S | that |
| Not until | Not until... + aux + S + V | — |
6. Bài tập trắc nghiệm — 15 câu
Chọn đáp án đúng nhất (A, B, C hoặc D) cho mỗi câu sau.
Câu 1. Not only ______ the exam, but he also got the highest score.
A. he passed B. did he pass C. he did pass D. passed he
Câu 2. Hardly ______ home when the phone rang.
A. had I arrived B. I had arrived C. did I arrive D. I arrived
Câu 3. Never ______ such a delicious meal.
A. I have eaten B. have I eaten C. I ate D. did I ate
Câu 4. No sooner ______ the house than it started raining.
A. had he left B. he had left C. he left D. did he leave
Câu 5. Only after the exam ______ how many mistakes I had made.
A. I realized B. did I realize C. I did realize D. realized I
Câu 6. Seldom ______ such heavy rain in this area.
A. we have B. do we have C. we do have D. have we
Câu 7. Not until she left ______ how much he loved her.
A. he realized B. did he realize C. he did realize D. realized he
Câu 8. So beautiful ______ that everyone stopped to look.
A. the painting was B. was the painting C. the painting is D. did the painting
Câu 9. Only by working hard ______ your goals.
A. you can achieve B. can you achieve C. you achieve D. achieve you
Câu 10. Rarely ______ to the cinema these days.
A. we go B. do we go C. we do go D. go we
Câu 11. Under no circumstances ______ this information to anyone.
A. you should reveal B. should you reveal C. you reveal D. reveal you
Câu 12. Little ______ that she would become the CEO of the company.
A. she knew B. did she know C. she did know D. knew she
Câu 13. Only when you experience failure ______ the value of success.
A. you understand B. do you understand C. you do understand D. understand you
Câu 14. Scarcely ______ the speech when the audience burst into applause.
A. he had finished B. had he finished C. did he finish D. he finished
Câu 15. At no time ______ permission to enter this building.
A. visitors are given B. are visitors given C. visitors given D. given visitors are
7. Đáp án và giải thích
| Câu | Đáp án | Giải thích |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | B. did he pass | Not only + aux + S + V: đảo ngữ mệnh đề đầu. |
| 2 | A. had I arrived | Hardly + had + S + V3 ... when. Quá khứ hoàn thành đảo ngữ. |
| 3 | B. have I eaten | Never + have + S + V3. Hiện tại hoàn thành đảo ngữ. |
| 4 | A. had he left | No sooner + had + S + V3 ... than. |
| 5 | B. did I realize | Only after + N/clause + did + S + V. Đảo ngữ mệnh đề chính. |
| 6 | B. do we have | Seldom + do + S + V. Hiện tại đơn đảo ngữ. |
| 7 | B. did he realize | Not until + clause + did + S + V. Đảo ngữ mệnh đề chính. |
| 8 | B. was the painting | So + adj + be + S + that. Đảo ngữ với to be. |
| 9 | B. can you achieve | Only by + V-ing + can + S + V. |
| 10 | B. do we go | Rarely + do + S + V. Hiện tại đơn đảo ngữ. |
| 11 | B. should you reveal | Under no circumstances + should + S + V. |
| 12 | B. did she know | Little + did + S + V. Quá khứ đơn đảo ngữ. |
| 13 | B. do you understand | Only when + clause + do + S + V. Đảo mệnh đề chính. |
| 14 | B. had he finished | Scarcely + had + S + V3 ... when. Tương tự Hardly. |
| 15 | B. are visitors given | At no time + are + S + V3 (bị động). Đảo ngữ với be. |
Bài tiếp theo: Cleft sentences — Câu chẻ nhấn mạnh It is/was...that và What...is.